Blood Cells and Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the average number of RBCs per cubic millimeter in healthy women?

  • 5,500,000
  • 5,200,000
  • 4,500,000
  • 4,700,000 (correct)

    • What is the maximum concentration of hemoglobin that can be achieved in the cells?

  • 30 g/100 ml
  • 34 g/100 ml (correct)
  • 36 g/100 ml
  • 32 g/100 ml

    • What is the average amount of hemoglobin in the blood of healthy men?

  • 16 g/100 ml
  • 14 g/100 ml
  • 15 g/100 ml (correct)
  • 17 g/100 ml

    • Which organ is primarily responsible for RBC production during the middle trimester of gestation?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the production of RBCs primarily shift to the bone marrow?

    <p>5 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which bones is RBC production primarily maintained after the age of 20?

    <p>Membranous bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood is comprised of cells in a normal hematocrit reading?

    <p>40% to 45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much oxygen can one gram of hemoglobin carry if fully saturated?

    <p>1.34 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs)?

    <p>Deliver oxygen to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for hemoglobin to remain inside red blood cells in humans?

    <p>It ensures efficient oxygen transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does carbonic anhydrase play in red blood cells?

    <p>Catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average diameter of a normal red blood cell?

    <p>7.8 micrometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the shape of red blood cells assist their function?

    <p>It allows them to change shape while passing through capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a secondary function of red blood cells besides oxygen transport?

    <p>Acid-base buffering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hemoglobin when blood passes through capillaries in humans?

    <p>It leaks through the capillary membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average volume of a red blood cell?

    <p>90 to 95 cubic micrometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the production of RBCs that are much smaller than normal and contain too little hemoglobin?

    <p>Microcytic hypochromic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of aplastic anemia due to bone marrow dysfunction?

    <p>Exposure to high-dose radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anemia can result from the deficiency of intrinsic factor necessary for vitamin B12 absorption?

    <p>Megaloblastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of severe aplastic anemia, what is typically required for survival?

    <p>Blood transfusions or bone marrow transplantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause megaloblastic anemia aside from loss of intrinsic factor?

    <p>Intestinal sprue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Fragile RBCs that rupture easily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes chronic blood loss in relation to RBC production?

    <p>RBCs cannot be produced rapidly enough to match the rate of blood loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates erythropoietin production in the kidneys?

    <p>Decreased red blood cell mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the nature of cells produced in megaloblastic anemia?

    <p>They have irregular shapes and fragile membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to erythropoietin production when oxygen levels are low?

    <p>It increases rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to red blood cell (RBC) production in the absence of erythropoietin?

    <p>Few RBCs are formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for maximum erythropoietin production to occur after exposure to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Within 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do individuals become anemic after kidney removal?

    <p>Inability to produce sufficient erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does erythropoietin play in proerythroblast maturation?

    <p>Promotes speedier transition through maturation stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions can lead to a rapid increase in RBC production?

    <p>Presence of erythropoietin and sufficient nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrients are crucial for the maturation of red blood cells?

    <p>Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum daily requirement of vitamin B12 for normal RBC maturation?

    <p>1 to 3 micrograms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the typical duration of defective vitamin B12 absorption required to cause maturation failure anemia?

    <p>3 to 4 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common dietary source of folic acid?

    <p>Green vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process begins the synthesis of hemoglobin?

    <p>Binding of glycine with succinyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What binds with iron to form a heme molecule in hemoglobin synthesis?

    <p>Protoporphyrin IX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chains are present in the most common form of hemoglobin in adults, hemoglobin A?

    <p>Two alpha chains and two beta chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular weight of a single hemoglobin chain?

    <p>16,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can result in difficulty absorbing both folic acid and vitamin B12?

    <p>Sprue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary effect of polycythemia vera on blood viscosity?

    <p>Blood viscosity increases to nearly ten times that of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does polycythemia vera influence the vascular system?

    <p>It causes intense engorgement of the vascular system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical effect of increased blood volume in polycythemia vera on venous return to the heart?

    <p>It promotes an increase in venous return.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color change is typically observed in individuals with polycythemia vera?

    <p>A ruddy complexion with a bluish tint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical relationship between blood viscosity and arterial pressure in polycythemia vera?

    <p>Blood pressure regulating mechanisms can offset increased viscosity effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the peripheral blood flow due to the high viscosity in polycythemia vera?

    <p>Peripheral blood flow becomes sluggish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of hemoglobin being deoxygenated in skin capillaries of individuals with polycythemia vera?

    <p>It masks the red color of oxygenated hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor(s) does increased blood viscosity affect in polycythemia vera?

    <p>It decreases venous return and increases peripheral resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Cells and Functions

    • Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes, are the most abundant blood cells.
    • RBCs transport oxygen from lungs to tissues via hemoglobin.
    • In some animals, hemoglobin circulates freely in the blood, not within RBCs.
    • RBCs contain carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that rapidly converts CO2 and water to carbonic acid, crucial for CO2 transport.
    • RBCs are biconcave discs, around 7.8 micrometers in diameter, with a thickness of 2.5-1 micrometers, enabling flexibility for capillary passage.
    • Normal RBC concentration in men is about 5,200,000/mm³, and in women 4,700,000/mm³ (with variations at high altitudes).
    • Hemoglobin concentration in RBCs typically reaches 34g/100ml.
    • Hemoglobin can carry 1.34ml of oxygen per gram, with full saturation.
    • RBC production, in early embryo, occurs in the yolk sac, later in the bone marrow.

    Red Blood Cell Production

    • Multipotential hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow are the origin of all blood cells.
    • Growth inducers and differentiation inducers control stem cell development.
    • Interleukin-3 affects many blood cell types, while other inducers are more specific.
    • Proerythroblast is the first cell in the RBC line, stimulated by erythropoietin.
    • Erythropoietin production is mainly in kidneys, in response to low oxygen levels (hypoxia).
    • Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells, which mature into erythrocytes in ~1-2 days.

    Red Blood Cell Maturation and Function

    • RBC maturation relies on vitamins B12 and folic acid, crucial for DNA synthesis.
    • Deficiency in these vitamins leads to macrocytic anemia, with large and fragile RBCs.
    • Pernicious anemia is a consequence of vitamin B12 malabsorption.
    • Hemoglobin consists of four globin chains (alpha and beta) with heme groups containing iron.
    • Hemoglobin reversibly binds oxygen, crucial for oxygen transport.
    • RBC lifespan is about 120 days.
    • Macrophages in the spleen and liver destroy aged RBCs, recycling iron and hemoglobin.

    Anemia and Polycythemia

    • Anemia is a condition with reduced hemoglobin or RBC count.
    • Blood loss, bone marrow issues, and insufficient oxygen are causes of some types of anemia.
    • Polycythemia (opposite of anemia) has an abnormally high number of RBCs.
    • Polycythemia can be due to high altitudes (physiological) or genetic disorders (vera) causing excess production of RBCs.

    Regulation of Blood Cell Production

    • Kidney erythropoietin levels are regulated to adjust RBC production to oxygen demand.
    • Norepinephrine and epinephrine also stimulate erythropoietin.
    • The body controls total blood iron content by adjusting iron absorption rate from the intestines.

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    Chapter 33 PDF: Blood Cells and Their Functions

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the structure and function of red blood cells (RBCs). This quiz covers key topics such as oxygen transport, RBC production, and the unique characteristics of erythrocytes. Challenge yourself and learn more about these vital components of blood.

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