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Questions and Answers

Which layer of the tunica mucosa is responsible for local mobility of the organs and expulsion of secretion products from the glands?

  • Muscular layer (correct)
  • Glandular epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Basement membrane

    • What type of epithelium lines the integumentary mucosa?

  • Transitional
  • Squamous stratified (correct)
  • Pseudostratified
  • Simple columnar

    • In which layer of the tubular organ can blood vessels, nerve plexuses, and glands be found?

  • Tunica mucosa
  • Tunica serosa
  • Muscular tunic
  • Tunica submucosa (correct)

    • What type of epithelium is characteristic of the transitional mucosa?

    <p>Transitional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the serous membrane found in hollow organs?

    <p>Body cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood is considered a special variety of connective tissue?

    <p>Blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of blood plasma in the total blood volume?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cell is involved in blood coagulation?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood cell line includes granulocytes and agranulocytes?

    <p>Leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of blood defence?

    <p>Providing defensive substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of plasma in terms of water and substances in solution?

    <p>90% water and 10% substances in solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of γ-globulins in plasma?

    <p>Function as antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis begin in embryonic stages?

    <p>Mesenchyme of the yolk sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of erythrocytes?

    <p>60-120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates accelerated erythropoiesis?

    <p>Presence of immature erythrocytes in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type is the most abundant in the bloodstream?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate diameter of platelets?

    <p>2-5 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of platelets in hemostasis?

    <p>Providing a catalytic surface for the coagulation cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range for the number of platelets in blood?

    <p>250,000 - 400,000/mm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type is important in parasitic infestations and allergy phenomena?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cell contains large, water-soluble, metachromatic granules and is involved in type I hypersensitivity states?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are part of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System (SMF) and transform into macrophages?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crucial role of macrophages in the body?

    <p>Production of monokines to regulate inflammatory reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total leukocyte count do lymphocytes represent?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the bone marrow located?

    <p>In the medullary cavity of long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood is considered a special variety of connective tissue

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma represents approximately 55% of the total blood volume

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes are a type of leukocyte

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets are involved in blood coagulation

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukocytes include granulocytes and agranulocytes

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets are the most abundant anucleate elements in mammals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils have a single nucleus without any lobes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils are not involved in parasitic infestations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophils are the most abundant leukocytes in the bloodstream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The half-life of platelets is approximately 28 days.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Connective tissue surrounds the organ and sends into the parenchyma, septa or trabeculae, which are extensions made up of fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers and some smooth muscle fibers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pseudolobules are spaces separated by septa that fully meet.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The muscular layer of the mucosa is observed, made up of two layers of smooth muscle fibers, the innermost is arranged longitudinally and the outermost is arranged circularly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tunica submucosa is made up of loose connective tissue that is more organized than that of the lamina propria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The serosa is replaced by a tunica adventitia in hollow organs that are located in the body cavities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma is composed of 80% water and 20% substances in solution

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes have a long half-life of 200-300 days

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Megakaryocytes give rise to leukocytes involved in blood clotting

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hematopoiesis only occurs in the bone marrow after birth

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of immature erythrocytes in the blood indicates decelerated erythropoiesis

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macrophages have a crucial role in erythropoiesis and blood coagulation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bone marrow's parenchyma consists mainly of erythrocytes and platelets.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphocytes represent 20-25% of total leukocyte count and can be classified as B cells, T cells, and null cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stroma of the bone marrow consists of reticular fibers and cells that support the parenchyma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils are the key type of blood cell involved in phagocytosis and antigen presentation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood components with their descriptions:

    <p>Blood plasma = Constitutes the extracellular matrix of blood and represents approximately 55% of the total blood volume Erythrocytes = Carry gases such as O2 and CO2 to the cells and lungs respectively Platelets = Involved in blood clotting Leukocytes = Provide defensive substances such as antibodies and cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leukocyte types with their characteristics:

    <p>Granulocytes = Include polymorphonuclear neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils Agranulocytes = Include monocytes and lymphocytes Neutrophils = Have a crucial role in defense and have a single nucleus without any lobes Lymphocytes = Represent 20-25% of total leukocyte count and can be classified as B cells, T cells, and null cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood cell lines with their components:

    <p>Erythrocytes = Part of the blood cell line responsible for carrying gases such as O2 and CO2 Platelets = Anucleate elements involved in blood clotting Granulocytes = Include polymorphonuclear neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils Agranulocytes = Include monocytes and lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following functions of blood with their descriptions:

    <p>Transport = Involves carrying gases, nutrients, cellular metabolites, and transmitters to various parts of the body Regulation of body temperature and acid-base balance = Essential for maintaining the body's homeostasis Defence = Provides leukocytes and defensive substances such as antibodies and cytokines Plasma composition = Composed of fibers and blood serum, acting as the ground substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood cell types with their functions:

    <p>Erythrocytes = Carry gases such as O2 and CO2 to the cells and lungs respectively Platelets = Involved in blood clotting Granulocytes = Include polymorphonuclear neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils Agranulocytes = Provide defensive substances such as antibodies and cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with their corresponding leukocyte type:

    <p>Lobed nucleus and azurophilic granules = Neutrophils Specific granules with acidophilic content = Eosinophils Lobed heterochromatic nucleus and rarity in blood = Basophils Phagocytosis and modulation of the inflammatory process = Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following functions with their corresponding blood cell type:

    <p>Providing a catalytic surface for the coagulation cascade = Platelets Important in parasitic infestations and allergy phenomena = Eosinophils Bactericidal proteins and most abundant granulocytes = Neutrophils Engage in tissue repair and have an anticoagulant function = Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leukocyte types with their key role:

    <p>Most abundant granulocytes = Neutrophils Crucial role in parasitic infestations and allergy phenomena = Eosinophils Rarity in blood and lobed heterochromatic nucleus = Basophils Engage in phagocytosis and modulate the inflammatory process = Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood cell characteristics with their corresponding type:

    <p>Anucleate elements with granules = Platelets Contain specific granules with electrodense protein crystals = Eosinophils Contain alpha, delta, and lambda granules = Platelets Contain lobed nucleus and azurophilic granules = Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leukocyte types with their specific granule content:

    <p>Acidophilic or eosinophilic content = Eosinophils Rare in blood and lobed heterochromatic nucleus = Basophils Azurophilic granules and bactericidal proteins = Neutrophils Modulate the inflammatory process and assist in tissue repair = Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood components with their respective functions:

    <p>Albumin = Maintains 70% of the plasma colloid osmotic pressure Fibrinogen = Initiates blood coagulation Hematopoietic stem cells = Give rise to blood cells Megakaryocytes = Give rise to platelets, involved in blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following abnormal erythrocyte shapes and sizes with their respective names:

    <p>Poikilocytosis = Irregularly shaped erythrocytes Anisocytosis = Erythrocytes of unequal sizes Howell-Jolly bodies = Small, round, dense nuclear remnants in erythrocytes Cabot rings = Figure-eight or loop-shaped remnants in erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood cell proteins with their functions:

    <p>Hemoglobin reductase = Reduces methemoglobin to hemoglobin Carbonic anhydrase = Catalyzes the interconversion of CO2 and H2O to HCO3- and H+ Spectrin and ankyrin = Structural proteins in erythrocytes α and β-globulins = Act as transporters in plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to erythrocytes with their descriptions:

    <p>Reticulocytes = Immature erythrocytes indicating accelerated erythropoiesis Erythrocytes = Most abundant blood cellular line with a short half-life of 60-120 days Heinz bodies = Denatured hemoglobin precipitates in erythrocytes Immature erythrocytes = Indicate accelerated erythropoiesis when present in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following locations for hematopoiesis with their descriptions:

    <p>Mesenchyme of the yolk sac in embryonic stages = Where hematopoiesis begins in embryonic stages Bone marrow after birth = Where hematopoiesis takes place after birth Liver and spleen = Where hematopoiesis can occur extramedullary if the bone marrow is damaged UFC-Meg cells = Give rise to megakaryocytes involved in hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood cell types with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Erythrocytes = Anucleate and involved in oxygen transport Lymphocytes = Represent 20-25% of total leukocyte count and can be classified as B cells, T cells, and null cells Monocytes = Large agranulocytes, transform into macrophages, and are part of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System (SMF) Basophils = Contain large, water-soluble, metachromatic granules and are involved in type I hypersensitivity states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bone marrow components with their descriptions:

    <p>Stroma of bone marrow = Consists of reticular fibers and cells that support the parenchyma Parenchyma of bone marrow = Consists of islets of hematopoietic cells, including pluripotent mesenchymal cells and blood cell precursors at different maturation stages Venous sinuses in bone marrow = Vascular cavities with a discontinuous basement membrane where blood cells enter as they mature Hematopoietic organ = Located in the medullary cavity of long bones and has a stroma of reticular fibers and cells that support the parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood cell types with their functions:

    <p>Macrophages = Crucial role in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and production of monokines to regulate inflammatory reactions Neutrophils = Important in parasitic infestations and allergy phenomena Platelets = Involved in blood coagulation Eosinophils = Involved in type I hypersensitivity states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of tubular organs with their descriptions:

    <p>Tunica mucosa = Contains glandular elements and is made up of a simple epithelium resting on its corresponding basement membrane Tunica submucosa = Made up of loose connective tissue that is more organized than that of the lamina propria and contains blood vessels, nerve plexuses, and glands Tunica muscular = Composed of two layers of smooth muscle fibers, the innermost arranged circularly and the outermost arranged longitudinally, responsible for the tone of the organ and movement of materials through the hollow organ Tunica serosa or adventitia = Appears in the hollow organs that are located in the body cavities and is made up of a mesothelium, a simple squamous epithelium, which rests on a layer of loose connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organ components with their descriptions:

    <p>Parenchymal organs = Have a noble functional part and a stroma of connective and nervous tissues Stroma = Includes tissues that metabolically and structurally support the parenchyma Organs = Consist of different tissues working together Serosa = Replaced by a tunica adventitia in hollow organs that are located in the body cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leukocyte characteristics with their corresponding types:

    <p>Agranulocytes = Include lymphocytes and monocytes Granulocytes = Include neutrophils and basophils B cells = Classified based on function and morphological characteristics T cells = Classified based on function and morphological characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of tubular organ mucosa with their characteristics:

    <p>Glandular mucosa = Presents glandular elements and is made up of a simple epithelium resting on its corresponding basement membrane, found in both the digestive and respiratory tracts Integumentary mucosa = Specialized in the conduction of coarse substances that can cause great friction, e.g. the oesophagus, and is made up of the same layers as the glandular mucosa with the lining epithelium that is squamous stratified of the two types, keratinized and non-keratinized Transitional mucosa = Consists of transitional epithelium and thin lamina propria, located in hollow organs capable of undergoing considerable distention, e.g. the urine bladder Pseudolobules = Spaces separated by septa that do not fully meet, formed when trabeculae divide the parenchyma into isolated structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following evaginations in tubular organs with their descriptions:

    <p>Villi, papillae or primary folds = Evaginations that only include epithelium, lamina propria, and muscular mucosa Folds properly or secondary folds = Evaginations in which the mucosa and submucosa are included Septa = Extensions made up of fibroblasts, collagen, and elastic fibers, and some smooth muscle fibers, through which blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves pass Reticular fibers = Responsible for forming the bed or network where the parenchymal cells are found, sent to the interior from the septa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of tunica mucosa with their lining epithelium:

    <p>Simple columnar or pseudostratified epithelium = Lining epithelium of the glandular mucosa Squamous stratified of the two types, keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium = Lining epithelium of the integumentary mucosa Transitional epithelium = Lining epithelium of the transitional mucosa Simple epithelium = Lining epithelium of the glandular mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the tunica muscular with their functions:

    <p>Innermost layer arranged circularly, outermost layer arranged longitudinally = Responsible for the tone of the organ, size of the lumen, and movement of materials through the hollow organ Two layers of smooth muscle fibers = Helps the local mobility of the organs and expel secretion products from the glands Bundles of skeletal muscle fibers = May exist in some organs along with the layers of smooth muscle fibers Vascular and nerve plexuses = Located between both layers of smooth muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood is considered a special variety of _____________ tissue, consisting of cells and a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma.

    <p>connective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma is composed of fibers (fibrinogen, fibrillar protein involved in blood coagulation) and blood serum (defibrinated plasma) that would act as _____________ substance.

    <p>ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma represents approximately ________% of the total blood volume.

    <p>55</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________________ are the most abundant leukocytes in the bloodstream.

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________________ constituents the extracellular matrix of blood, it is fluid and represents approximately 55% of the total blood volume.

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes transform into ______, and are part of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System (SMF).

    <p>macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphocytes represent 20-25% of total leukocyte count and can be classified as B cells, T cells, and ______ cells, based on their function and morphological characteristics.

    <p>null</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bone marrow's parenchyma consists of islets of hematopoietic cells, including pluripotent mesenchymal cells and blood cell precursors at different ______ stages.

    <p>maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes, platelets, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, and ______ are the key types of blood cells.

    <p>basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parenchyma is the specific functional component of solid organs, while the stroma includes tissues that metabolically and structurally support the ______.

    <p>parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets are anucleate elements in mammals, 2-5 µm in diameter, with alpha, delta, and lambda granules, and a highly developed membrane demarcation system. Platelets play a key role in ______, providing a catalytic surface for the coagulation cascade, forming thrombus, and have an anticoagulant function.

    <p>hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils, the most abundant granulocytes, have a lobed nucleus, azurophilic granules, and specific granules containing ______ proteins.

    <p>bactericidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils, comprising 2-4% of total leukocytes, have specific granules with ______ content, important in parasitic infestations and allergy phenomena.

    <p>eosinophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of platelets in blood ranges between 250,000 and 400,000/mm3, with a half-life of approximately ______ days.

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukocytes are classified into granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes). Neutrophils, in females and some species, have a tiny drumstick-shaped lobe in the nucleus called ______ body.

    <p>Barr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Connective tissue surrounds the organ and sends into the parenchyma, septa or ______, which are extensions made up of fibroblasts, collagen, and elastic fibers

    <p>trabeculae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tunica mucosa can be of three types: glandular, integumentary, or ______

    <p>transitional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tunica submucosa is made up of loose connective tissue that is more organized than that of the lamina ______

    <p>propria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The innermost layer of the muscular tunic is arranged ______

    <p>circularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tunica or serous membrane appears in the hollow organs that are located in the body cavities, such as the thoracic or ______

    <p>abdominal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma is composed of 90% ______ and 10% substances in solution, including proteins like albumin which maintains 70% of the plasma colloid osmotic pressure.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins in plasma, such as α and β-globulins, act as ______, while γ-globulins function as antibodies, and fibrinogen initiates blood coagulation.

    <p>transporters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell formation, begins in the mesenchyme of the yolk sac in embryonic stages and takes place in the ______ after birth.

    <p>bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes, the most abundant blood cellular line, have a short half-life of 60-120 days and transport O2 and CO2 with the help of ______.

    <p>hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Megakaryocytes give rise to ______, which are involved in blood clotting.

    <p>platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Cell Types and Bone Marrow

    • Cytoplasmic granules in basophilic cells are large, water-soluble, and metachromatic, containing heparin, histamine, and other factors, and are involved in type I hypersensitivity states.
    • Monocytes are large agranulocytes, transform into macrophages, and are part of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System (SMF).
    • Macrophages have a crucial role in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and production of monokines to regulate inflammatory reactions.
    • Lymphocytes represent 20-25% of total leukocyte count and can be classified as B cells, T cells, and null cells, based on their function and morphological characteristics.
    • Bone marrow is a hematopoietic organ located in the medullary cavity of long bones and has a stroma of reticular fibers and cells that support the parenchyma.
    • The bone marrow's parenchyma consists of islets of hematopoietic cells, including pluripotent mesenchymal cells and blood cell precursors at different maturation stages.
    • The venous sinuses in the bone marrow are vascular cavities with a discontinuous basement membrane where blood cells enter as they mature.
    • Erythrocytes, platelets, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils are the key types of blood cells.
    • Organs consist of different tissues working together, with parenchymal organs having a noble functional part and a stroma of connective and nervous tissues.
    • The parenchyma is the specific functional component of solid organs, while the stroma includes tissues that metabolically and structurally support the parenchyma.

    Blood Cell Types and Bone Marrow

    • Cytoplasmic granules in basophilic cells are large, water-soluble, and metachromatic, containing heparin, histamine, and other factors, and are involved in type I hypersensitivity states.
    • Monocytes are large agranulocytes, transform into macrophages, and are part of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System (SMF).
    • Macrophages have a crucial role in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and production of monokines to regulate inflammatory reactions.
    • Lymphocytes represent 20-25% of total leukocyte count and can be classified as B cells, T cells, and null cells, based on their function and morphological characteristics.
    • Bone marrow is a hematopoietic organ located in the medullary cavity of long bones and has a stroma of reticular fibers and cells that support the parenchyma.
    • The bone marrow's parenchyma consists of islets of hematopoietic cells, including pluripotent mesenchymal cells and blood cell precursors at different maturation stages.
    • The venous sinuses in the bone marrow are vascular cavities with a discontinuous basement membrane where blood cells enter as they mature.
    • Erythrocytes, platelets, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils are the key types of blood cells.
    • Organs consist of different tissues working together, with parenchymal organs having a noble functional part and a stroma of connective and nervous tissues.
    • The parenchyma is the specific functional component of solid organs, while the stroma includes tissues that metabolically and structurally support the parenchyma.

    Blood Cell Types and Bone Marrow

    • Cytoplasmic granules in basophilic cells are large, water-soluble, and metachromatic, containing heparin, histamine, and other factors, and are involved in type I hypersensitivity states.
    • Monocytes are large agranulocytes, transform into macrophages, and are part of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System (SMF).
    • Macrophages have a crucial role in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and production of monokines to regulate inflammatory reactions.
    • Lymphocytes represent 20-25% of total leukocyte count and can be classified as B cells, T cells, and null cells, based on their function and morphological characteristics.
    • Bone marrow is a hematopoietic organ located in the medullary cavity of long bones and has a stroma of reticular fibers and cells that support the parenchyma.
    • The bone marrow's parenchyma consists of islets of hematopoietic cells, including pluripotent mesenchymal cells and blood cell precursors at different maturation stages.
    • The venous sinuses in the bone marrow are vascular cavities with a discontinuous basement membrane where blood cells enter as they mature.
    • Erythrocytes, platelets, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils are the key types of blood cells.
    • Organs consist of different tissues working together, with parenchymal organs having a noble functional part and a stroma of connective and nervous tissues.
    • The parenchyma is the specific functional component of solid organs, while the stroma includes tissues that metabolically and structurally support the parenchyma.

    Anatomy and Physiology of Blood: Key Points

    • Plasma is composed of 90% water and 10% substances in solution, including proteins like albumin which maintains 70% of the plasma colloid osmotic pressure.
    • Proteins in plasma, such as α and β-globulins, act as transporters, while γ-globulins function as antibodies, and fibrinogen initiates blood coagulation.
    • Inorganic salts, ions, nutrients, hormones, and nitrogenous compounds make up the remaining 1% of plasma.
    • Hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell formation, begins in the mesenchyme of the yolk sac in embryonic stages and takes place in the bone marrow after birth.
    • Blood cells are derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, which give rise to pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells.
    • Erythrocytes, the most abundant blood cellular line, have a short half-life of 60-120 days and transport O2 and CO2 with the help of hemoglobin.
    • Erythrocytes contain proteins such as hemoglobin reductase and carbonic anhydrase, as well as structural proteins like spectrin and ankyrin.
    • Poikilocytosis, anisocytosis, Howell-Jolly bodies, Cabot rings, reticulocytes, and Heinz bodies are abnormal erythrocyte shapes and sizes.
    • The presence of immature erythrocytes in the blood indicates accelerated erythropoiesis.
    • Colony forming unit-megakaryocyte (UFC-Meg) cells give rise to megakaryocytes, large cells with a pleomorphic, lobed, polyploid nucleus and granular cytoplasm.
    • Megakaryocytes give rise to platelets, which are involved in blood clotting.
    • Hematopoiesis can occur extramedullary in the liver and spleen if the bone marrow is damaged.

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    Lesson 14 Blood and Bone Marrow PDF

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    Test your knowledge of blood cell types and bone marrow with this quiz. Explore topics such as erythrocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and the structure and function of bone marrow.

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