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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of platelets in the blood?
What is the purpose of platelets in the blood?
What is the main function of albumin in the plasma?
What is the main function of albumin in the plasma?
Which immunoglobulin is associated with allergic reactions?
Which immunoglobulin is associated with allergic reactions?
What is the function of fibrinogen in the blood?
What is the function of fibrinogen in the blood?
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What is the main storage lipid in humans?
What is the main storage lipid in humans?
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What is the role of enzymes in the body?
What is the role of enzymes in the body?
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What is the process called when white blood cells slip into and out of blood vessels?
What is the process called when white blood cells slip into and out of blood vessels?
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What is the term for the capability of WBCs to locate areas of tissue damage and infection?
What is the term for the capability of WBCs to locate areas of tissue damage and infection?
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What is the term for a total WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm3?
What is the term for a total WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm3?
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What is the term for an abnormally low WBC count?
What is the term for an abnormally low WBC count?
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What is the term for cancer of the bone marrow resulting in immature WBCs?
What is the term for cancer of the bone marrow resulting in immature WBCs?
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Which type of WBC has a multilobed nucleus and very fine granules?
Which type of WBC has a multilobed nucleus and very fine granules?
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Which type of WBC has a blue-red nucleus and brick-red cytoplasmic granules?
Which type of WBC has a blue-red nucleus and brick-red cytoplasmic granules?
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What is the term for cell fragments involved in blood clotting?
What is the term for cell fragments involved in blood clotting?
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What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
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Which substance in erythrocytes is responsible for transporting most of the oxygen?
Which substance in erythrocytes is responsible for transporting most of the oxygen?
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What is blood's approximate pH level?
What is blood's approximate pH level?
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What condition refers to a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood?
What condition refers to a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood?
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What term describes an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes?
What term describes an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes?
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What can cause polycythemia?
What can cause polycythemia?
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What type of cells form a protective, movable army that helps defend the body against damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells?
What type of cells form a protective, movable army that helps defend the body against damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells?
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What component of blood provides coagulation enzymes?
What component of blood provides coagulation enzymes?
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Which organ stores urine in the urinary system?
Which organ stores urine in the urinary system?
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Which part of the kidney is continuous with the ureter?
Which part of the kidney is continuous with the ureter?
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What is the primary function of juxtamedullary nephrons?
What is the primary function of juxtamedullary nephrons?
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What is located within the Bowman’s capsule?
What is located within the Bowman’s capsule?
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What type of balance is NOT a function of the kidney?
What type of balance is NOT a function of the kidney?
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Which of these is NOT part of the external structure of the kidney?
Which of these is NOT part of the external structure of the kidney?
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How many nephrons are typically found in each kidney?
How many nephrons are typically found in each kidney?
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Which artery supplies oxygenated blood to the kidney?
Which artery supplies oxygenated blood to the kidney?
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What triggers the initial release of renin?
What triggers the initial release of renin?
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Which enzyme converts angiotensin I to its active form?
Which enzyme converts angiotensin I to its active form?
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Which hormone is directly responsible for retaining sodium?
Which hormone is directly responsible for retaining sodium?
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What effect does angiotensin II NOT have?
What effect does angiotensin II NOT have?
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Which of the following decreases renin secretion?
Which of the following decreases renin secretion?
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What role does the juxtaglomerular apparatus play in the RAAS?
What role does the juxtaglomerular apparatus play in the RAAS?
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Study Notes
Blood Composition
- Blood is a complex connective tissue composed of living blood cells (formed elements) suspended in a non-living fluid matrix called plasma.
- Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues, clears tissues of carbon dioxide, transports glucose, proteins, and fats, and moves wastes to the liver and kidneys.
Formed Elements
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
- Function primarily to ferry oxygen to all cells of the body.
- Hemoglobin, an iron-bearing protein, transports most of the oxygen carried in the blood.
- Shaped like biconcave discs, with a depressed center on both sides.
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
- Form a protective, movable army that helps defend the body against damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells.
Platelets
- Not technically cells, but fragments of megakaryocytes.
- Needed for the clotting process that stops blood loss from broken blood vessels.
Plasma Proteins
Albumin
- The most abundant protein in plasma, functioning as a general transport protein and serving as a circulating reservoir of amino acids.
Immunoglobulins
- Produced by plasma cells, conferring humoral immunity.
- Types: IgG (most abundant Ab in plasma and lymph), IgA (main Ab in mucous secretions), IgM (first Ab to appear in response to antigenic stimulation), IgD (present mostly on the surface of B cells), and IgE (associated with allergic reactions).
Fibrinogen
- Synthesized in the liver, one of the largest proteins in the blood, and most abundant coagulation factor.
C-reactive Protein
- Appears in the blood of patients with diverse inflammatory diseases, used as a rapid test for presumptive diagnosis of bacterial versus viral infection.
Leukocytes
- White blood cells are able to slip into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis).
- Can locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells (positive chemotaxis).
Granulocytes
- Neutrophils: most numerous WBCs, have a multilobed nucleus and fine granules that respond to both acidic and basic stains, avid phagocytes at sites of acute infection.
- Eosinophils: increase rapidly during infections by parasitic worms.
- Basophils: rarest of the WBCs, have large histamine-containing granules that stain dark blue, involved in inflammation.
Agranulocytes
- Lymphocytes: have a large, dark purple nucleus, tend to take up residence in lymphatic tissues, where they play an important role in the immune response.
- Monocytes: largest of the WBCs, resemble large lymphocytes.
Urinary System
Kidney Function
- Maintaining homeostasis: regulation of body fluids, acid-base balance, electrolyte balance.
- Excretion of waste products.
- Concerned with the maintenance of blood pressure and erythropoiesis.
Nephron
- Functional units of the kidney, approximately 1 to 1.5 million per kidney.
- Cortical nephrons (85%): responsible for removal of waste products and reabsorption of nutrients.
- Juxtamedullary nephrons: have longer loops of Henle, responsible for concentration of the urine.
Renal Physiology
- Glomerular filtration: the glomerulus serves as a non-selective filter of plasma substances with molecular weights of less than 70,000.
- Tubular reabsorption: the body cannot lose 120 mL of water-containing essential substances every minute.
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS): controls the regulation of the flow of blood to and within the glomerulus, responding to changes in blood pressure and plasma sodium content.
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Description
Learn about the properties and characteristics of blood, including its composition, color, taste, pH, and temperature, as well as its relation to urine in biochemistry.
