Blood and its components
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Which of the following best describes the primary role of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?

  • Regulating blood temperature to maintain homeostasis.
  • Pumping blood away from the heart to maintain blood pressure.
  • Facilitating the exchange of substances between the blood and body tissues. (correct)
  • Transporting blood back to the heart after oxygen has been delivered.

A patient's blood test reveals a significantly elevated erythrocyte count. How would this most likely affect their blood's physical characteristics?

  • Shift the blood color to a brighter red, regardless of oxygen levels.
  • Lower the blood temperature below the normal 37 degrees Celsius.
  • Decrease blood viscosity, making it thinner.
  • Increase blood viscosity, making it thicker. (correct)

If a patient's arterial blood is a dark red color, what condition is most likely affecting them?

  • Hypoxemia (correct)
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Hyperoxia
  • Hyperthermia

How does blood contribute to maintaining a stable internal body temperature?

<p>By transporting heat generated in the muscles and organs, releasing it at the skin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is experiencing acidosis. What change in their blood would you expect to observe?

<p>A pH level slightly below 7.35. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is maintaining a stable pH crucial for plasma protein integrity?

<p>Variations in pH denature proteins, disrupting their structure and function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A centrifuged blood sample shows a significantly reduced volume of erythrocytes compared to the normal range. Which condition might cause this?

<p>Anemia, indicating a lower than normal number of erythrocytes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does testosterone influence hematocrit levels, and why does this difference exist between adult males and females?

<p>Testosterone increases erythropoietin secretion, resulting in higher hematocrit levels in males. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a blood smear, you observe cells that are pink, anucleate, and shaped like biconcave discs. Which type of formed element are you most likely observing?

<p>Erythrocytes, recognized by their distinct shape and lack of nucleus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would severe dehydration most likely affect a patient's hematocrit, and why?

<p>Increase the hematocrit because the concentration of erythrocytes will increase relative to the plasma volume. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do nonpolar molecules typically dissolve in blood plasma?

<p>By binding to carrier proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of plasma proteins in maintaining blood pressure?

<p>They exert colloid osmotic pressure, preventing fluid loss from blood and maintaining blood volume. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a severe liver disease exhibits significant tissue swelling (edema). Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this condition?

<p>Decreased colloid osmotic pressure due to reduced synthesis of plasma proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of LDL and HDL in blood plasma?

<p>Transporting lipids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of blood plasma allows polar and charged substances to dissolve easily?

<p>Its aqueous nature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient's blood test reveals a lower than normal level of albumin, what physiological effect would you expect to observe?

<p>Increased fluid leakage from capillaries into surrounding tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is studying the composition of blood plasma. If they are primarily interested in the component that contributes most significantly to colloid osmotic pressure, which plasma protein should they focus on?

<p>Albumin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where a patient is experiencing abnormally high blood pressure due to increased blood volume, which of the following plasma protein-related mechanisms would be LEAST likely to be involved?

<p>Increased permeability of capillaries to plasma proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the production of platelets?

<p>Thrombopoiesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in the body?

<p>Red bone marrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of mature erythrocytes?

<p>Biconcave disc structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemoglobin found in erythrocytes?

<p>Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of hemoglobin directly binds to oxygen?

<p>The iron ion within the heme group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule transport when fully saturated?

<p>Four (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of erythropoietin (EPO) in erythrocyte production?

<p>It stimulates red blood cell production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do males typically have a higher erythrocyte count compared to females?

<p>Testosterone stimulates EPO production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does altitude affect erythropoietin (EPO) levels in the body?

<p>Altitude increases EPO levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would endurance athletes using EPO as a form of blood doping benefit?

<p>Increased oxygen-carrying capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual with type A blood needs a transfusion. Which blood type(s) can they safely receive?

<p>A and O (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does a second exposure to Rh+ blood typically cause a more severe reaction in an Rh- individual compared to the first exposure?

<p>Memory cells are produced after the first exposure, leading to a faster and stronger immune response upon subsequent exposure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk associated with agglutination following an incompatible blood transfusion?

<p>Blocked blood vessels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Rh incompatibility during pregnancy, when does the risk to the fetus typically arise?

<p>During subsequent pregnancies with an Rh+ fetus, if the mother is Rh- and has been sensitized. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient's blood agglutinates with both anti-A and anti-B sera, but not with anti-Rh serum, what is their blood type?

<p>Type AB- (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person with type O+ blood can receive blood from which of the following?

<p>O+ or O- (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the formation of anti-Rh antibodies?

<p>They form in Rh– individuals after exposure to Rh+ blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does agglutination cause a transfusion reaction?

<p>By causing the recipient's antibodies to bind to the transfused erythrocytes and clump them together. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Blood

A continuously regenerated connective tissue transporting gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones.

Cardiovascular system

The system responsible for transporting blood, consisting of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Function of arteries

Arteries transport blood away from the heart.

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels that allow exchange between blood and body tissues.

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Normal blood pH

Slightly alkaline with a pH range of 7.35 to 7.45.

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Hematocrit

Percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes.

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Erythrocytes

Most numerous blood cells; pink, anucleate, biconcave discs that carry oxygen.

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Leukocytes

White blood cells; larger than erythrocytes and have a noticeable nucleus.

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Platelets

Small cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

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Blood pH significance

Maintaining pH is crucial for plasma protein integrity and overall function.

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Hematopoiesis

The production of formed blood elements (cells) in red bone marrow.

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Erythropoiesis

The specific process of red blood cell production.

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Leukopoiesis

The process by which leukocytes (white blood cells) are produced.

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Thrombopoiesis

The process of producing platelets in the body.

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Hemoglobin

A red-protein that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood.

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Oxygen binding

Each hemoglobin can bind four oxygen molecules due to iron ions.

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Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production, influenced by testosterone and altitude.

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Biconcave structure

The unique shape of erythrocytes that aids in gas transport.

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Effect of altitude on EPO

High altitudes can increase erythropoietin levels, boosting red blood cell production.

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Composition of Blood - Plasma

Plasma is the liquid component of blood containing dissolved organic and inorganic molecules and ions, crucial for transportation.

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Plasma Proteins

Proteins in the plasma that transport lipids, hormones, ions, and include enzymes and hormones essential for bodily functions.

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LDL and HDL

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) are plasma proteins that transport cholesterol and fats in the bloodstream.

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Osmotic Pressure

Pressure exerted by plasma proteins, mainly albumin, that helps retain fluid within blood vessels, preventing fluid loss.

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Albumin

The most abundant plasma protein, critical for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure and thus blood volume and blood pressure.

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Electrolytes in Plasma

Ions dissolved in plasma that include sodium, potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate, vital for nerve and muscle function.

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Fluid Loss Causes

Conditions like liver diseases can decrease plasma proteins, leading to reduced osmotic pressure and fluid loss from blood, causing tissue swelling.

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Main Dissolved Substances in Plasma

Plasma contains electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and waste products that are dissolved to be transported throughout the body.

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ABO Blood Types

A classification system for human blood based on the presence of A and B antigens.

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Rh Factor

A protein on red blood cells determining Rh positivity or negativity.

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Rh Positive

Blood type with Rh factor present, denoted as Rh+.

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Rh Negative

Blood type without Rh factor, denoted as Rh-.

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Anti-Rh Antibodies

Antibodies produced by Rh- individuals upon exposure to Rh+ blood.

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Transfusion Reaction

A dangerous immune response following an incompatible blood transfusion.

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Agglutination

Clumping of blood cells due to antibody binding, often seen in transfusion mismatches.

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Rh Incompatibility in Pregnancy

A condition where maternal Rh- blood encounters fetal Rh+ blood, causing potential problems.

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Study Notes

Blood Overview

  • Blood is a continuously regenerated connective tissue
  • It transports gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones
  • The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting blood
  • The heart pumps blood, arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood towards the heart, and capillaries allow exchange between blood and body tissues

Functions of Blood

  • Transportation: Blood carries oxygen from the lungs and intestines (GIT), hormones from endocrine glands, and metabolic waste products.
  • Regulation: Blood regulates pH, body temperature, and water content of cells.
  • Protection: White blood cells (WBCs) fight disease through phagocytosis. Blood also acts as a reservoir for water, electrolytes, and helps with homeostasis.

Physical Characteristics of Blood

  • Color: High oxygen levels result in bright red blood, low oxygen levels result in dark red blood.
  • Volume: Approximately 5 liters in a normal adult.
  • Viscosity: Thickness of blood; high erythrocyte count leads to high viscosity
  • Plasma: Solutes in the plasma determine direction of osmosis.
  • Temperature: Slightly higher than the body temperature (one degree Celsius)
  • pH: 7.35-7.45, slightly alkaline; crucial for plasma protein integrity

Whole Blood Separation

  • Whole blood is composed of plasma (55%), buffy coat (<1%), and erythrocytes (44%).
  • Plasma is primarily water (92%) with proteins (7%), and other solutes.
  • Buffy coat contains leukocytes (4,500-11,000 per cubic mm) and platelets (150,000-400,000 per cubic mm).
  • Erythrocytes (4.2-6.2 million per cubic mm) are red blood cells.

Hematocrit

  • Percentage of blood volume composed of erythrocytes
  • Adult males: 42-56%, females: 38-46%
  • Testosterone affects erythropoietin secretion, increasing male's hematocrit.

Formed Elements

  • Erythrocytes: Most numerous; biconcave discs, anucleate, packed with hemoglobin; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  • Leukocytes: Larger than erythrocytes; varied in form; nucleus is noticeable.
  • Platelets: Small fragments of cells involved in blood clotting.

Plasma Proteins

  • Albumin (60%): Major component in maintaining osmotic pressure of plasma and transporting lipids and hormones.
  • Globulins (35%): Includes antibodies (immunoglobulins) and transport proteins (e.g., LDL and HDL); blood clotting also involves globulins.
  • Fibrinogen (4%): Involved in blood clotting

Plasma Proteins and Osmotic Pressure

  • Plasma proteins exert colloid osmotic pressure, preventing fluid loss from blood vessels.
  • Albumin is the most abundant component and major contributor to this pressure.
  • Low plasma protein levels can lead to fluid loss and swelling.

Erythropoiesis

  • Process of red blood cell production in the red bone marrow that is stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO).
  • EPO production is regulated by blood oxygen levels: decreased oxygen levels stimulate EPO production, while increased levels inhibit.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

  • Hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis
  • Testosterone also stimulates EPO production, resulting in higher erythrocyte counts in males.

Fate and Destruction of Erythrocytes

  • Aged/damaged red blood cells are recycled in the liver and spleen.
  • Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin, with iron being salvaged.
  • Heme is broken down into bilirubin, which is eventually excreted in bile.

Blood Types

  • ABO Blood Grouping: Based on presence/absence of antigens (A, B) on erythrocyte surfaces; plasma contains antibodies against the missing antigens.
  • Rh Blood Grouping: Based on presence/absence of the Rh factor (D antigen); anti-Rh antibodies develop only in reaction to Rh+ blood.

Rh Incompatibility and Pregnancy

  • Rh incompatibility in pregnancy can occur when an Rh-negative woman carries an Rh-positive fetus.
  • The mother's immune system may produce anti-Rh antibodies, posing risk to subsequent pregnancies with Rh+ fetuses.
  • RhoGAM is used to prevent Rh incompatibility by suppressing antibody formation in the mother.

Clinical Considerations

  • Transfusion with incompatible blood can cause agglutination (clumping together) of red blood cells, blocking blood vessels, and causing problems with normal circulation.

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Blood Part 1 (4) - Week 3 PDF

Description

This quiz assesses knowledge of blood composition. Questions cover the function of capillaries, erythrocyte count, blood color significance, temperature regulation, and pH balance. It also explores the impact of testosterone on hematocrit levels.

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