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Questions and Answers
What percentage of blood is composed of plasma?
What percentage of blood is composed of plasma?
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for carrying oxygen?
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for carrying oxygen?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
What is the primary composition of plasma?
What is the primary composition of plasma?
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Which of the following cations is NOT present in blood plasma?
Which of the following cations is NOT present in blood plasma?
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What role do plasma proteins play in blood viscosity?
What role do plasma proteins play in blood viscosity?
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Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause decreased plasma albumin levels?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause decreased plasma albumin levels?
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The albumin/globulin ratio in healthy individuals typically ranges from:
The albumin/globulin ratio in healthy individuals typically ranges from:
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What is one of the main functions of fibrinogen in plasma proteins?
What is one of the main functions of fibrinogen in plasma proteins?
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An increased level of plasma globulins is primarily associated with which condition?
An increased level of plasma globulins is primarily associated with which condition?
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Which factor is NOT directly related to the mechanism of haemostasis?
Which factor is NOT directly related to the mechanism of haemostasis?
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What is the primary purpose of the conversion of fibrinogen in clot formation?
What is the primary purpose of the conversion of fibrinogen in clot formation?
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Which of the following contributes to capillary permeability during blood coagulation?
Which of the following contributes to capillary permeability during blood coagulation?
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Which component is NOT involved in the actual formation of a clot?
Which component is NOT involved in the actual formation of a clot?
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How do proteins influence the formation of clots?
How do proteins influence the formation of clots?
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Study Notes
Blood Composition
- Blood is a fluid tissue comprising 55% plasma and 45% cells.
- Cells include red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (WBCs or leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).
Blood Functions
- Respiration: Transporting oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs.
- Nutrition: Carrying absorbed food from the intestines to cells.
- Excretion: Transporting waste products to excretory organs (e.g., liver).
- Immunity: Transporting leukocytes and antibodies.
- Transport of hormones.
- Water balance.
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Regulation of:
- Temperature
- Osmotic pressure
- Acid-base balance
- Ionic equilibrium
- Blood pressure
Plasma Composition
- Plasma is primarily water (90%).
- Dissolved solutes (10%) consist of:
- Inorganic substances (55%)
- Organic substances (45%) including nutrients, waste products, hormones, and urine.
Plasma Proteins
- Plasma proteins make up 7.1% of blood plasma.
- Albumin: 4-4.5 g/dL.
- Globulins: 2.5 g/dL.
- Blood Coagulation Factors: Fibrinogen (400 mg/dL), prothrombin, etc.
- Albumin/Globulin Ratio: 1.2 to 1.6
Decreased Plasma Albumin Level
- Liver diseases.
- Malnutrition.
- Severe burns due to albumin loss through the skin.
Increased Plasma Globulin Level
- Severe infection.
Functions of Plasma Proteins
- Nutrition: Contribute to protein metabolism.
- Blood Clotting: Fibrinogen, prothrombin, and thromboplastin are crucial for blood coagulation.
- Blood Viscosity: Maintain blood's red blood cell count.
- Osmotic Pressure: Important for water retention within capillaries.
- Carrier: Plasma proteins transport components like iron, iodine, thyroxin, and vitamin A, preventing their rapid elimination from blood.
- Capillary permeability: Plasma proteins help seal pores in capillary walls.
Haemostasis
- Definition: Stopping bleeding from injured blood vessels to prevent blood loss.
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Mechanisms:
- Local Vascular Spasm: Injured blood vessels contract to reduce blood loss.
- Platelet Plug Formation: Platelets adhere to exposed collagen fibers in damaged vessel walls, forming a plug.
- Blood Clotting: Soluble fibrinogen converts into insoluble fibrin, forming a network with blood cells, trapping them in a clot.
Clot Formation
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Factors influencing clot formation:
- Suspension of RBCs.
- Buffering action: Proteins act as weak acids in alkaline media and weak alkali in acidic media.
- Immunity: Due to the presence of globulins.
- Carrier: Plasma proteins carry essential substances.
- Capillary permeability: Plasma proteins help close pores in capillary walls.
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Description
Explore the components and functions of blood in this detailed quiz. Understand the roles of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the human body. Test your knowledge about how blood contributes to respiration, nutrition, and immunity.
