Bacteriology : Anaerobes - Malignant edema, gas gangrene – clostridium novyi type A, B + Clostridium hemolyticum, Clostridium septicum

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Questions and Answers

What type of bacteria causes Blackleg in sheep and cattle?

  • Clostridium botulinum
  • Clostridium tetani
  • Clostridium chauvoei (correct)
  • Clostridium perfringens

Which age group of cattle is most commonly affected by Blackleg?

  • Newborn calves (0–3 months)
  • Young animals (3 months to 2 years) (correct)
  • Mature cows (over 5 years)
  • Only pregnant cattle

In which environmental conditions is Blackleg most frequently observed?

  • Cold, dry seasons in high-altitude areas
  • Warm, humid seasons in low fields (correct)
  • Extremely cold winters in mountainous regions
  • Dry deserts with minimal rainfall

How do exogenous infections of Blackleg occur?

<p>Through wounds creating anaerobic conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of Clostridium chauvoei toxins in affected animals?

<p>Tissue destruction and gas formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key clinical sign of Blackleg?

<p>Characteristic edematous swellings with crepitation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the gas accumulation seen in Blackleg?

<p>Fermentation of muscle glycogen producing hydrogen and methane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle groups are primarily affected by Blackleg?

<p>Large muscle masses, including limbs, back, and neck (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual outcome of Blackleg infection in affected animals?

<p>100% fatality within 24 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to limb muscles, which other organs can be affected by Blackleg?

<p>Myocardium (heart muscle) and diaphragm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Clostridium species are associated with exogenous, necrotizing, soft tissue infections?

<p>Clostridium novyi type A, type B, and Clostridium hemolyticum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of wounds are commonly associated with necrotizing infections caused by histotoxic Clostridia?

<p>Deep, anaerobic traumatic wounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key clinical sign of these infections?

<p>Subcutaneous crepitation (gas formation) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can malignant edema be prevented?

<p>Surgical treatment of wounds, removal of necrotizing tissue, and prophylactic penicillin use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clostridium novyi Type A is responsible for which condition?

<p>Gas gangrene (big head in rams) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clostridium novyi Type B is responsible for which disease?

<p>Black disease (infectious necrotic hepatitis) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What predisposes animals to Black disease caused by Clostridium novyi Type B?

<p>Liver fluke damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Braxy?

<p>Abomasitis of sheep caused by exotoxins of Clostridium septicum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can malignant edema occur in Clostridium septicum?

<p>Through exogenous infection via wounds or endogenous activation of dormant spores in muscle tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for malignant edema in Clostridium septicum?

<p>Eating contaminated feed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clostridium hemolyticum primarily affects which organs?

<p>Liver and bloodstream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease does Clostridium hemolyticum cause?

<p>Bacillary hemoglobinuria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key symptom of bacillary hemoglobinuria?

<p>Dark red urine (hemoglobinuria) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a diagnostic method used for detecting bacillary hemoglobinuria?

<p>Direct fluorescent antibody staining test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can bacillary hemoglobinuria be prevented?

<p>Routine vaccination with multicomponent toxoids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match to the following descriptions

<p>Early signs seen in Bacillary Haemoglobinuria = Fever, depression, anorexia and decreased milk production Main signs of Bacillary Haemogloobinuria = Pale or yellow mucous membranes (anemia, jaundice), rapid breathing, tachycardia, dark red urine Severe cases of Bacillary Heamoglobinuria caused by Clostridium haemolyticum = Weakness, recumbency, sudden death Free bee = Free bee</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cause of Blackleg

Clostridium chauvoei is the bacteria that causes Blackleg.

Blackleg Age Group

Young cattle, typically between 3 months and 2 years old, are most susceptible.

Blackleg Conditions

Blackleg is commonly observed during warm, humid seasons in low-lying fields.

Exogenous Blackleg

Blackleg infections occur through wounds that create anaerobic (low oxygen) conditions, allowing the bacteria to thrive.

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Clostridium chauvoei Effects

Clostridium chauvoei toxins cause tissue destruction and gas formation in affected animals.

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Blackleg Sign

A key clinical sign is edematous (swollen) swellings with crepitation (crackling sound).

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Gas in Blackleg

Gas accumulation is caused by the fermentation of muscle glycogen, producing hydrogen and methane.

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Muscles Affected

Large muscle masses, particularly in the limbs, back, and neck, are primarily affected.

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Blackleg Outcome

Blackleg infection usually results in 100% fatality within 24 hours.

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Other Organs Affected

In addition to limb muscles, the myocardium (heart muscle) and diaphragm can also be affected.

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Necrotizing Clostridia

Clostridium novyi type A, type B, and Clostridium hemolyticum are associated with exogenous, necrotizing, soft tissue infections.

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Wound Type

Deep, anaerobic traumatic wounds are commonly associated with necrotizing infections caused by histotoxic Clostridia.

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Key Infection Sign

A key clinical sign is subcutaneous crepitation (gas formation under the skin).

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Malignant Edema Prevention

Malignant edema can be prevented by surgical treatment of wounds, removal of necrotic tissue, and prophylactic penicillin use.

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Clostridium novyi Type A

Clostridium novyi Type A causes gas gangrene, also known as big head in rams.

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Clostridium novyi Type B

Clostridium novyi Type B causes Black Disease (infectious necrotic hepatitis).

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Black Disease Predisposition

Liver Fluke infections predispose animals to Black Disease caused by Clostridium novyi Type B.

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What is Braxy?

Braxy is abomasitis (inflammation of the abomasum) in sheep caused by exotoxins of Clostridium septicum.

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Malignant Edema Infection

Malignant edema can occur through exogenous infection of wounds or endogenous activation of dormant spores.

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Clostridium hemolyticum Target

Clostridium hemolyticum primarily affects the liver and bloodstream.

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Clostridium hemolyticum Disease

Clostridium hemolyticum causes bacillary hemoglobinuria.

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Hemoglobinuria Symptom

A key symptom is dark red urine (hemoglobinuria).

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Bacillary Hemoglobinuria Detection

Direct fluorescent antibody staining test.

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Bacillary Hemoglobinuria Prevention

Routine vaccination with multicomponent toxoids.

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