Black Death (1347-1351) Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the estimated range of European population decimated by the Black Death?

  • 1/4 to 1/2
  • 1/5 to 1/3
  • 1/3 to 2/3 (correct)
  • 1/2 to 3/4

How did the Black Death impact the Church?

  • People turned to the Church for guidance and solace.
  • The Church became more prosperous due to the death of many citizens.
  • The Church gained even more power as a result of the plague.
  • The Church's influence decreased as people lost faith in their ability to explain the plague. (correct)

How did the art style change after the Black Death?

  • Artists began to incorporate depictions of skeletons and death into their paintings. (correct)
  • Art became less focused on religion and more on nature and landscapes.
  • Artists abandoned painting entirely, focusing instead on other mediums.
  • Artists continued to paint religious scenes in the same traditional style.

What impact did the Black Death have on the economy?

<p>The economy declined as a result of labor shortages and disruptions to trade. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the Black Death have on serfdom?

<p>Serfdom weakened due to the death of many serfs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary causative agent of the Black Death?

<p>Yersinia Pestis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is characteristic of Bubonic Plague?

<p>Oozing black pus from buboes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of the Black Death is the most deadly?

<p>Septicemic Plague (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the speculated causes of the origin of the Black Death?

<p>Chinese Trading (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symptoms did people infected with Pneumonic Plague experience?

<p>High fever and cough (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of septicemic plague?

<p>Purple and black skin patches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During what time period did the Black Death primarily occur?

<p>1347 - 1351 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'Gangrene'?

<p>A condition caused by reduced blood flow to tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a common belief about the Black Death?

<p>It was caused by contaminated water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary role of plague doctors?

<p>Verifying if someone was infected with the plague. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the beak-shaped mask worn by plague doctors?

<p>To hold aromatic herbs and spices intended to overpower bad air. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributed to the spread of the Black Death?

<p>Lack of understanding about the cause of the disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the long, black overcoat worn by plague doctors?

<p>To minimize skin exposure to potential contamination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of not understanding the cause of the Black Death?

<p>The lack of proper protection measures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason estimating the death toll of the Black Death is difficult?

<p>The lack of accurate record-keeping during that time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could be considered a consequence of the belief that the Black Death was divine punishment?

<p>Increased religious fervor and piety. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Population Decrease

The Black Death significantly reduced the European population, with estimates suggesting a loss of between one-third and two-thirds of the total population.

Economic Decline

The Black Death severely damaged the economy, leading to a decline in trade and production, as people died and businesses closed down.

End of Serfdom

The Black Death resulted in a loss of skilled workers and disrupted labor systems, leading to the end of serfdom.

Lost Records

The Black Death caused widespread death among monks and nuns who kept records, leading to the loss of valuable historical information about the plague.

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Church's Authority Shaken

The Black Death challenged people's faith in God and the Church, contributing to a decline in religious authority.

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Divine Punishment

A theory suggesting that the Black Death was a result of God's anger towards humanity for its sins.

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Miasma Theory

A belief that the plague was caused by bad air or miasma.

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Quarantine

This involved isolating infected individuals to prevent disease spread.

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Bird's Beak Mask

A plague doctor's distinctive mask, designed to protect against miasma.

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Long Black Overcoat

A plague doctor's protective clothing designed to minimize skin exposure and prevent respiratory droplet contamination.

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Financial Compensation

Financial compensation given to plague doctors, indicating the high risk of their work.

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Unsanitary Conditions

These were common in the Middle Ages, attracting rodents that carried fleas.

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Lack of Understanding

Lack of knowledge about the plague's cause led to inadequate protection and exposure.

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Black Death

A devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that ravaged Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s, caused by the bacteria Yersinia Pestis.

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Yersinia Pestis

A zoonotic bacterium that causes the bubonic plague, a deadly disease that devastated Europe and Asia in the 14th century.

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Bubo

An enlarged lymph node, commonly associated with bubonic plague.

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Septicemic Plague

A form of the bubonic plague where infection spreads throughout the blood, causing widespread inflammation and organ damage.

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Pneumonic Plague

A form of the bubonic plague where infection affects the lungs, causing fever, cough, and blood-tinged sputum.

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Bubonic Plague

The most common form of the bubonic plague, characterized by the appearance of buboes in the groin, neck, and armpits.

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Sputum

Thick mucus produced in the lungs, often a symptom of respiratory infections like the pneumonic plague.

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Gangrene

A condition where the tissue dies due to lack of blood flow, often turning the affected skin a greenish-black color.

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Study Notes

Black Death (1347-1351)

  • A devastating global pandemic of bubonic plague
  • Caused by the bacteria Yersinia Pestis, a zoonotic bacteria
  • Also known as the bubonic plague
  • Affected Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s

Key Terms

  • Bubo: Enlarged lymphatic gland
  • Yersinia Pestis: Zoonotic bacteria causing the plague
  • Septicemic: Disease caused by bacteria spreading through bloodstream
  • Sputum (Phlegm): Thick mucus produced in the lungs
  • Gangrene: Potentially deadly health problem; blood flow to tissue is cut off leading to tissue death; affected skin turns greenish-black

Categories of Black Death

  • Bubonic Plague: Infection in lymph nodes (buboes)
  • Pneumonic Plague: Infection in the lungs
  • Septicemic Plague: Infection in the blood (most deadly)

Bubonic Plague

  • Most common form of the Black Death
  • Characterized by the appearance of buboes (swollen lymph nodes) in the groin, neck, and armpits, which oozed black pus and bled
  • Other symptoms included high fever, headaches, painful joints, nausea, vomiting, and general discomfort

Pneumonic Plague

  • Second most common form
  • Symptoms: Fever, cough, and blood-tinged sputum
  • As disease progressed, lungs liquefied, sputum became free-flowing and bright red

Septicemic Plague

  • Least common but most deadly form
  • Symptoms: High fever, purple/black skin patches
  • Blood's inability to perform critical functions like bringing oxygen to body and clotting

Origins and Spread (Speculated Beliefs)

  • Chinese Trading: Plague likely originated in China or Central Asia, spreading to Kaffa (Black Sea) via trade routes, then to Italy, before spreading across the Mediterranean and Europe
  • Tatars Offensive Tactics: Tatars (Mongols), during a siege of Kaffa, may have hurled plague-ridden corpses over city walls, initiating an outbreak
  • Divine Punishment: Some viewed the plague as divine punishment for human sins

How the Plague Spread (Before)

  • Poor sanitation and waste management
  • Limited hygiene practices (bathing, personal cleanliness)
  • Sleeping on unclean materials (hay, sheep's wool)

How the Plague Spread (After)

  • Lack of understanding of the cause of the disease
  • Lack of protection while treating infected and the dead

Transmission of Bubonic Plague

  • Fleas carried the bacteria, feeding on rats (rodents)
  • Fleas biting humans transmitted
  • Bacteria multiplied within the flea
  • Rat to human transmission also likely

Effects of Black Death in Europe

  • Sharp population decline
  • Weakened government
  • Economic downturn
  • End of feudal serfdom
  • Abandonment of cities, villages, monasteries, and houses

Changes in Art

  • Emergence of macabre art, depicted skeletons and social gathering with skeletons
  • Artists abandoned earlier Christian-centric themes, influenced by widespread death
  • Paintings reflected the sadness and pervasive death

Efforts To Stop the Plague (Diagnosis)

  • Quarantine (isolation)
  • Health measures
  • Plague doctors attempted surgery
  • Seeking help from religious institutions

Plague Doctors

  • Duties were often limited; verifying plague infection
  • Risked their lives, so often rewarded financially
  • Often volunteers, as qualified doctors had usually already fled
  • Attire included beak-like masks filled with herbs meant to purify the air, long coats, and eyepieces

Death Toll

  • Difficult to accurately measure due to lost records and hasty burials.
  • Estimated that 25-50 million people died out of an estimated 75 million European population

Did You Know?

  • Girls were sometimes abandoned during the plague because family names could only be passed down through male children.
  • "Ring Around the Rosie"—Potential interpretations: "rosies" refers to possible rash or skin diseases; "pocket full of posies" may have been an aromatic remedy , used to stop the smell of dead bodies or by doctors for protection; "ashes" refers to dying bodies; "we all fall down" refers to general demise.

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