Biyoloji 10. Sınıf Genel Bilgiler

The iron in heme is oxidized, preventing hemoglobin from binding to oxygen.

Alanine, histidine, tyrosine, and leucine amino acids undergo transamination. Lysine amino acid does not.

β2-Microglobulin is found in all nucleated cells. It is completely reabsorbed and catabolized by the proximal tubules. It is used as an indicator of proximal tubule function.

Immunoglobulins are antibodies, which are proteins that function in the immune system. They are divided into five classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.

Two or more immunoglobulins are elevated, indicating a variety of conditions like viral hepatitis, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or chronic infections.

Marfan syndrome is a disorder affecting elastic fibers, not collagen. It is caused by a defect in fibrillin. Individuals with Marfan syndrome exhibit long limbs, dislocated lenses, skeletal muscle deformities, and aortic aneurysms.

Elastin is a protein primarily found in connective tissue. It's different from collagen and does not contain hydroxylysine. It lacks carbohydrates and contains cross-links involving lysine.

NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase is an enzyme found in red blood cells that prevents the formation of methemoglobin.

In cyanide poisoning, amyl nitrite is administered. It converts iron to Fe+3, leading to the formation of methemoglobin which binds to cyanide, creating cyanomethemoglobin. Thiosulfate is then given to convert cyanide to thiocyanate, which is excreted from the body. Methylene blue is used to correct methemoglobinemia.

Spermidine and spermine are synthesized from ornithine using SAM. Putrescine, spermine, and spermidine are indicators of cell proliferation.

Carnosine is formed from histidine and alanine. It is found in muscles and is linked to olfaction. It turns into anserine with SAM.

Homocarnosine is synthesized from histidine and GABA and functions as a neurotransmitter in the brain.

Purine bases are synthesized from glycine, glutamine, aspartate, THF, and CO2. They are present in nucleotides.

Pyrimidine bases are synthesized from glutamine and aspartate. They are present in nucleotides.

Carnitine is synthesized from methionine and lysine. It plays a crucial role in the transport of fatty acids from cytosol to mitochondria.

Amino acid derivative compounds are not synthesized in ribosomes. They are formed through various enzymatic reactions and modifications of amino acids.

Transamination is a metabolic process where an amino group from an amino acid is transferred to a keto acid.

An amino acid derivative is a compound derived from an amino acid. It often has a different function from the parent amino acid.

Methionine is an essential amino acid, meaning that it cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from the diet. It plays a crucial role in various processes like protein synthesis, methylation reactions, and the synthesis of cysteine.

Lysine is an essential amino acid involved in various functions including protein synthesis, collagen formation, and carnitine synthesis. It is important for growth, immune function, and overall health.

Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamate. It is involved in various processes, including protein synthesis, nitrogen transport, and energy production.

Aspartate is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in various metabolic pathways, including the urea cycle, gluconeogenesis, and the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides.

Glycine is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in various biological processes including protein synthesis, collagen formation, and the synthesis of purine nucleotides.

THF (tetrahydrofolic acid) is a coenzyme form of folic acid, which plays a critical role in various metabolic reactions including the synthesis of amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines.

CO2 (carbon dioxide) is a molecule that plays a vital role in various biological processes, including respiration, photosynthesis, and the synthesis of organic molecules like purines.

Histidine is an essential amino acid that is involved in various processes including protein synthesis, the formation of histamine, and the synthesis of carnosine and homocarnosine.

Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that plays a role in the transfer of nitrogen and the synthesis of glucose.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, involved in regulating anxiety, sleep, and other functions.