Bivariate Statistical Tests Overview

Questions and Answers

What is the ultimate goal of nursing research?

To conduct systematic inquiries

To develop and expand knowledge (correct)

To improve nursing skills

To publish in professional journals

Evidence-based practice (EBP) supports the use of clinical judgment and patient preferences.

True

What are the two types of nursing research emphasized in this textbook?

Clinical nursing research

Who is often credited with the founding research in nursing?

Florence Nightingale Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym ANCC stand for?

American Nurses Credentialing Center Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the range of activities that nurses participate in regarding research?

Consumer–Producer Continuum Signup and view all the answers

In the 1990s, only a minority of NICUs offered __________ care options.

kangaroo Signup and view all the answers

Name one key historical event that contributed to the growth of nursing research in the 1950s.

Establishment of a nursing research center at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Signup and view all the answers

What is the title of the book authored by Denise F. Polit and Cheryl Tatano Beck?

Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice Signup and view all the answers

What is a new chapter introduced in the 10th edition of the book?

Clinical Significance Assessment Signup and view all the answers

Who is the Acquisitions Editor of the book?

Christina Burns Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the online supplements for each chapter of the book?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

In which area is the chapter on pilot studies included?

Mixed methods research Signup and view all the answers

The publisher provides medical advice and guidance.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Chapter 14 in the book?

Measurement Signup and view all the answers

The chapter on __________ is about the design and conduct of pilot studies.

pilot studies Signup and view all the answers

Match the following chapters with their main focus:

Chapter 1 = History and future of nursing research Chapter 20 = Clinical significance assessment Chapter 28 = Designing and conducting pilot studies Chapter 14 = Measurement Signup and view all the answers

Who provided ongoing assistance during the development of the book?

Valori Banfi Signup and view all the answers

Is your worldview closer to the positivist or the constructivist paradigm?

Answer will vary based on individual perspective. Signup and view all the answers

Could the Vincent et al. (2014) study have been undertaken as a qualitative study? Why or why not?

Answer will vary based on individual reasoning. Signup and view all the answers

Could the Bjorgvinsdottir and Halldorsdottir (2014) study have been undertaken as a quantitative study? Why or why not?

Answer will vary based on individual reasoning. Signup and view all the answers

What are the specific purposes on the description/explanation continuum?

Prediction/control Signup and view all the answers

Match the key EBP aims with their corresponding categories:

Treatment/therapy/intervention = A Diagnosis and assessment = B Prognosis = C Harm and etiology = D Meaning and process = E i = n Signup and view all the answers

Which writers are noted as early figures in the constructivist paradigm?

Weber Signup and view all the answers

The constructivist paradigm is a continuation of the positivist paradigm.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the constructivist paradigm assume about knowledge?

Knowledge is maximized when the distance between the inquirer and those under study is minimized. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key methodologic distinction in research?

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research Signup and view all the answers

Which organization established research priorities in nursing during the 1970s?

Western Interstate Council for Higher Education in Nursing Signup and view all the answers

The National Center for Nursing Research was established in 1986.

True Signup and view all the answers

The traditional, positivist scientific method refers to a set of orderly, disciplined procedures used to acquire __________.

information Signup and view all the answers

What does EBM stand for?

evidence-based medicine Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of both quantitative and qualitative research?

Research cannot be used to answer moral or ethical questions. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following research types with their focus:

Basic Research = Enhancing knowledge or theory Applied Research = Solutions to existing problems Qualitative Research = Understanding lived experiences Quantitative Research = Measuring and analyzing numeric data Signup and view all the answers

Which two paradigms have mainly guided disciplined inquiry in nursing research?

positivism and constructivism Signup and view all the answers

What type of reasoning do quantitative researchers use?

Deductive Reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of nursing research in the early 21st century?

Promotion of excellence in nursing science Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nursing research areas with their descriptions:

Health promotion = Advancing community health benefits Disease prevention = Reducing the incidence of illnesses Symptom management = Improving patient comfort and quality of life Self-management = Empowering patients to manage their health Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of disciplined research, regardless of the underlying paradigm?

To gain understanding about phenomena. Signup and view all the answers

The _______ paradigm dominated nursing research for decades.

positivist Signup and view all the answers

Quantitative research typically focuses on __________ that is obtained from formal measurement.

numeric information Signup and view all the answers

All nursing textbooks are free from myths.

False Signup and view all the answers

Constructivist research usually takes place in controlled laboratory settings.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of applied research in nursing?

To seek solutions to existing problems. Signup and view all the answers

What has increased the visibility of nursing research?

Promotion of NCNR to full institute status within NIH Signup and view all the answers

Clinical decisions in nursing are based primarily on which sources of evidence?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is exploratory research designed to investigate?

The full nature of a phenomenon, the manner in which it is manifested, and related factors. Signup and view all the answers

What factors might an exploratory study ask in relation to patient stress?

What factors diminish or increase a patient’s stress and if nurses’ behaviors are related to a patient’s stress level. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of explanatory research?

To understand the underpinnings of natural phenomena and explain systematic relationships among them. Signup and view all the answers

What examples are given for quantitative and qualitative exploratory research?

Quantitative: Association between physical activity and depressive symptoms; Qualitative: Perceptions of a healthy family among American Indians. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is associated with the age of the mother according to the text?

The incidence of Down syndrome in infants. Signup and view all the answers

What does the research purpose of prognosis examine?

Outcomes associated with a disease or health problem and the probability they will occur. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of identifying factors that cause or affect illness?

It helps in providing accurate information to prevent harm and develop interventions. Signup and view all the answers

Which research approach focuses on solutions to immediate problems?

Applied research Signup and view all the answers

Descriptive research provides new information, while exploratory research provides understanding.

False Signup and view all the answers

What paradigm is associated with quantitative research?

The positivist paradigm. Signup and view all the answers

What types of studies are categorized in nursing research based on EBP?

Treatment, therapy, diagnosis, prognosis, harm/etiology, and meaning. Signup and view all the answers

What is one clinical implication of cause-probing research?

To determine if an intervention causes improvements in key outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bivariate Statistical Tests Overview

Provides a quick guide for understanding bivariate statistical tests in research.
Essential for analyzing the relationship between two variables.

Acknowledgments and Contributions

The tenth edition built on 35 years of prior editions and feedback from faculty and students.
Special thanks given to various contributors, including reviewers and family support.

New Features and Updates

Introduction of two new chapters:
- Clinical significance in Chapter 20.
- Design and conduct of pilot studies in Chapter 28.
Enhancements reflect recent methodological innovations in nursing and social sciences.

Organization of the Textbook

Structured into six main parts focusing on foundations, planning, conducting research, and evidence-based practice.
Each chapter includes online supplements with detailed material and additional resources.

Key Content Areas

Part I: Foundations introduce nursing research history, qualitative vs. quantitative methodologies, and steps in the research process.
Part II: Concepts like research questions formulation, literature review, and ethical considerations are discussed.
Part III: Quantitative study design topics include sampling, measurement reliability, and statistical analyses.
Part IV: Focuses on qualitative research approaches, including design types and data analysis methods.
Part V: Discusses mixed methods research strategies and the significance of pilot studies.
Part VI: Links research findings with clinical practice, covering systematic reviews and research proposal development.

Critical Features

Encourages interactive learning through research examples and critiquing guidelines at the end of chapters.
Writing style emphasizes accessibility and clarity for beginners in research methods.
Provides practical tips for conducting research and appraising research findings.

Additional Supplements

Each chapter features an online supplement to elaborate on specific topics, such as recruitment strategies, randomization, and item response theory.
Examples of research studies often include access links to open-access articles for deeper insights.

Call to Action

Reinforces the importance of developing research skills critical to the nursing profession and enhancing evidence-based practice.### Overview of the Textbook
Practical guidance provided to bridge the gap between theoretical research methods and real-life application.
Each chapter features tips for applying lessons to practical research scenarios.
Learning aids include bulleted summaries, tables, figures, study suggestions, a glossary, and a comprehensive index.

Resource Manual

Accompanies the textbook with exercises corresponding to each chapter; critiques of actual studies included.
Contains 12 full research journal articles covering various nursing research methodologies.
Features critiques that serve as models for research evaluation.

Toolkit for Research

Available online with customizable Word documents for researchers.
Includes informed consent forms, demographic questionnaires, validity assessment forms, and meta-analysis coding sheets.
Provides direct links to relevant websites and open-access articles.

Instructor Resources

PowerPoint slides for each chapter summarizing key points are included.
Test questions available for automated test generation.

Foundations of Nursing Research

Emphasizes the importance of evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing, involving the integration of best evidence, clinical judgment, and patient preferences.
Defined nursing research as systematic inquiry aimed at generating credible evidence relevant to nursing practice, education, administration, and informatics.

Growth of Nursing Research

Significant growth in nursing research over the last three decades.
Commitment to integrating research findings into nursing practice to enhance quality of care.

Research Questions Examples

Evaluating effectiveness of pressurized irrigation vs. swabbing methods for wound cleansing.
Studying experiences of women in Zimbabwe with advanced HIV infection.

Importance of Research in Nursing

Research findings serve as strong evidence for clinical decision-making and actions.
ANCC's Magnet Recognition Program rewards excellence in nursing care through EBP adoption.
Magnet hospitals have shown better patient outcomes compared to non-Magnet hospitals.

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Changes

EBP has led to practice transformations, such as the widespread adoption of kangaroo care in neonatal intensive care.
Clinical trials continue exploring benefits of evidence-driven interventions.

Research Participation Continuum

Nurses engage on a continuum from consumers (those reading and utilizing research) to producers (those conducting studies).
Numerous opportunities for involvement beyond formal research, including data gathering, client advisement, and problem-solving through research.

Historical Perspective of Nursing Research

Began in the 1850s with Florence Nightingale’s analysis of soldier mortality; research priorities evolved over time.
Notable milestones include establishing nursing research centers, foundational journals, and increasing international collaboration.

Current and Future Directions

Continuous funding growth; determined pursuit of innovative practice improvement ideas.
Emerging trends include a sustained focus on EBP, systematic reviews, translational research, and confirmation of research findings through replication studies.### Systematic Reviews and Innovation
Systematic reviews synthesize research information to draw evidence-based conclusions, forming the foundation for clinical guidelines.
There's a significant emphasis on innovation in nursing, with events like the 2013 conference focused on "Innovative Approaches to Symptom Science."
Future nursing research will increasingly incorporate innovative interventions and study methods to address recurring practice problems.

Expanded Local Research

Growth of small-scale studies addressing local healthcare issues as hospitals seek Magnet status in the U.S. and abroad.
Development of mechanisms is required to share findings from these small projects across nursing research alliances.

Interdisciplinary Collaboration

Anticipated increase in collaborations between nurses and researchers in related fields to tackle fundamental health care problems.
Nurse researchers may gain influence in health care policies, aligning with Institute of Medicine's recommendation for nurses to be full partners with other health professionals.

Dissemination of Research Findings

Advances in technology facilitate the rapid and widespread dissemination of research results, promoting evidence-based practice (EBP).

Cultural Issues and Health Disparities

Health disparities have become a pressing concern, necessitating culturally sensitive interventions in nursing practice.
Research must address the health beliefs and behaviors of diverse populations.

Clinical Significance and Patient Input

Research must focus on clinical significance, incorporating patient preferences into clinical decision-making.
Challenges ahead include aligning research evidence with patient preferences and understanding the decision-making process.

Broad Research Priorities

Nursing organizations outline research priorities, focusing on health promotion, disease prevention, health disparities, and self-management.
Specific interests by nursing organizations like NINR and Sigma Theta Tau International underscore the need for research targeting vulnerable populations and EBP implementation.

Sources of Evidence for Nursing Practice

Nurses derive knowledge from various sources, but not all are evidence-based; reliance on tradition, authority, and personal experience carries inherent limitations.

Tradition and Authority

Decisions can be influenced by tradition and unchallenged authority, risking the perpetuation of unverified practices.
Analysis of nursing textbooks reveals that unsupported assumptions persist, needed updates to reflect current evidence.

Clinical Experience, Trial and Error, and Intuition

Clinical experience offers practical knowledge, but it is often too limited to provide generalizable insights.
Trial and error may yield practical solutions, but lacks systematic structure; intuition cannot serve as a policy foundation.

Logical Reasoning

Logical reasoning combines experience and structured thought; it involves both inductive and deductive reasoning to understand nursing phenomena.

Assembled Information

Clinical decisions utilize various assembled data, such as cost and quality improvement information, yet they do not directly indicate patient outcomes.

Disciplined Research

Research in nursing follows a disciplined framework, generating reliable evidence that informs EBP, prioritizing rigorous research over tradition or intuition.

Paradigms in Nursing Research

Nursing inquiry is framed largely by positivist and constructivist paradigms, each guiding research methodology in distinct, fundamental ways.

Positivist Paradigm

Dominated nursing research historically, emphasizing objectivity, reality, and measurable phenomena; researchers seek to understand causes behind phenomena.
The postpositivist approach recognizes the limitations of complete objectivity while still striving for neutrality in research.

Constructivist Paradigm

Emerged as a reaction to positivism, viewing reality as constructed by individuals within contexts; emphasizes subjective interactions in understanding research phenomena.
Knowledge is seen as maximized through close researcher-participant interactions, thus prioritizing personal insights in data collection.

Quantitative and Qualitative Research

Quantitative research aligns with positivism through structured, numerical evidence gathering, while qualitative research aligns with constructivism, focusing on subjective insights.
Both paradigms have their strengths and limitations, particularly regarding ethical questions and capturing the complexity of human experiences.

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Description

This quiz provides an overview of bivariate statistical tests, which are crucial for analyzing the relationship between two variables. It covers key concepts, methods, and applications, helping you understand how to interpret data effectively. Perfect for anyone studying statistics at a higher level.