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Questions and Answers
What is a common characteristic of individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder?
What is a common characteristic of individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a criteria for diagnosing Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a criteria for diagnosing Borderline Personality Disorder?
What percentage of the general population is diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder?
What percentage of the general population is diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which symptom is associated with Dependent Personality Disorder?
Which symptom is associated with Dependent Personality Disorder?
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How is the prevalence of Dependent Personality Disorder affected by gender?
How is the prevalence of Dependent Personality Disorder affected by gender?
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Which of the following behaviors demonstrates the symptoms of Dependent Personality Disorder?
Which of the following behaviors demonstrates the symptoms of Dependent Personality Disorder?
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What is a defining factor that differentiates trauma from stressors?
What is a defining factor that differentiates trauma from stressors?
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What percentage range indicates the frequency of Dependent Personality Disorder in the general population?
What percentage range indicates the frequency of Dependent Personality Disorder in the general population?
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What characterizes a manic episode in bipolar disorder?
What characterizes a manic episode in bipolar disorder?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with depression in bipolar disorders?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with depression in bipolar disorders?
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What differentiates Bipolar I Disorder from Bipolar II Disorder?
What differentiates Bipolar I Disorder from Bipolar II Disorder?
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Which of the following is a requirement for diagnosing bipolar disorder?
Which of the following is a requirement for diagnosing bipolar disorder?
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What is the lifetime prevalence of Bipolar I Disorder?
What is the lifetime prevalence of Bipolar I Disorder?
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Which symptom is indicative of a hypomanic episode?
Which symptom is indicative of a hypomanic episode?
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Which statement about cyclothymia is true?
Which statement about cyclothymia is true?
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What aspect of bipolar disorder does the 'recurring' nature refer to?
What aspect of bipolar disorder does the 'recurring' nature refer to?
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What is a core trait of a therapist in humanistic-existential therapy?
What is a core trait of a therapist in humanistic-existential therapy?
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Which of the following statements reflects a criticism of humanistic-existential psychotherapy?
Which of the following statements reflects a criticism of humanistic-existential psychotherapy?
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What is the primary focus of behavioural therapy?
What is the primary focus of behavioural therapy?
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What is the purpose of exposure therapy?
What is the purpose of exposure therapy?
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Which of the following is NOT a belief associated with humanistic therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a belief associated with humanistic therapy?
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What is a common characteristic of behavioral therapy?
What is a common characteristic of behavioral therapy?
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Which statement best describes the therapist's role in humanistic-existential therapy?
Which statement best describes the therapist's role in humanistic-existential therapy?
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What aspect is NOT part of cognitive-behavioral therapy principles?
What aspect is NOT part of cognitive-behavioral therapy principles?
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What is the primary benefit of combining Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) with pharmacotherapy for treating depression?
What is the primary benefit of combining Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) with pharmacotherapy for treating depression?
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What is the reported effectiveness of anti-depressant medication in the treatment of acute phases of depression compared to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy?
What is the reported effectiveness of anti-depressant medication in the treatment of acute phases of depression compared to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy?
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How many patients with Schizophrenia show complete remission of symptoms within six weeks of antipsychotic treatment?
How many patients with Schizophrenia show complete remission of symptoms within six weeks of antipsychotic treatment?
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What is a significant risk associated with anti-depressant medication after cessation of treatment?
What is a significant risk associated with anti-depressant medication after cessation of treatment?
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What distinguishes eclectic psychotherapy from other therapeutic approaches?
What distinguishes eclectic psychotherapy from other therapeutic approaches?
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Which statement about anxiolytics is true?
Which statement about anxiolytics is true?
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What is the main focus of operant conditioning in behavior modification?
What is the main focus of operant conditioning in behavior modification?
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How are ethics defined in the context provided?
How are ethics defined in the context provided?
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What was the primary concern regarding eugenics movements in terms of certain individuals?
What was the primary concern regarding eugenics movements in terms of certain individuals?
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What did Goddard believe regarding 'feeble minded' children?
What did Goddard believe regarding 'feeble minded' children?
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How did Simon feel about the concept of IQ?
How did Simon feel about the concept of IQ?
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What was the conclusion drawn by Goddard regarding the intellect of immigrants?
What was the conclusion drawn by Goddard regarding the intellect of immigrants?
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What was the original purpose of intelligence tests?
What was the original purpose of intelligence tests?
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Why are 'culture-fair' tests considered to have limited success?
Why are 'culture-fair' tests considered to have limited success?
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What relationship exists between brain size and intelligence according to the content?
What relationship exists between brain size and intelligence according to the content?
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How is memory related to intelligence based on the content provided?
How is memory related to intelligence based on the content provided?
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Study Notes
Bipolar Disorders
- Characterized by swings between depressive and manic or hypomanic symptoms.
- Depression is a negative, lowered mood state.
- Mania is an intense, unwarranted, mood state of elation, irritation or expansiveness.
Symptoms of Depression
- Sad, depressed mood, most of the day, nearly every day.
- Loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities.
- Difficulties in sleeping (insomnia or hypersomnia).
- Shift in activity level (psychomotor retardation / psychomotor agitation).
- Poor appetite and weight loss, or increased appetite and weight gain.
- Loss of energy and great fatigue.
- Negative self-concept with feelings of worthlessness and guilt along with self-reproach and self-blame.
- Complaints or evidence of difficulty in concentrating (slowed thinking and indecisiveness).
- Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
Symptoms of Mania
- Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.
- Decreased need for sleep.
- More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking.
- Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing.
- Distractibility.
- Increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation (i.e., purposeless non-goal-directed activity).
- Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g., engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments).
Manic Episode
- 3 or more symptoms lasting at least 1 week for most of the day, nearly every day.
Hypomanic Episode
- 3 or more symptoms lasting at least 4 consecutive days and present most of the day, nearly every day.
Bipolar I Disorder
- Characterized by the presence of a manic episode and an episode of depression.
- Is a recurring disorder: 90% have a second episode.
- Majority resume normal functioning between episodes.
- Equally common in men and women.
- Research (twin/adoption studies) indicates a strong genetic link.
- Lifetime prevalence of about 1.5%.
Bipolar II Disorder
- Characterized by the presence of a hypomanic episode and an episode of depression.
Cyclothymia
- Presence of hypomanic symptoms and depression symptoms, but not enough of either to fit the criteria.
- Presence of at least 5 of the following:
- Frantic efforts to avoid abandonment (real or imaginary).
- Unstable, intense relationships that swing between idolising and devaluing the other person.
- Unstable sense of self.
- Impulsive in at least two areas (eg spending, sex, substance use, binge eating).
- Recurrent self-harm and/or suicidal behaviour.
- Emotionally volatile -- extreme mood swings and find it difficult to regulate emotions, particularly anger, sadness, fear.
- Chronic feelings of emptiness.
- Anger problems (inappropriate anger, inability to control anger).
- Short term paranoid thoughts and/or severe dissociative symptoms.
- A pattern of 'stable instability'.
- 2% general population.
- Mostly diagnosed in females.
- High co-morbidity with mood disorders and substance disorders.
- Thought to often be associated with childhood abuse and/or trauma.
- Tendency to improve in mid-life.
Cluster C: Dependent Personality Disorder
- Constant and extreme need to be taken care of that leads to submissive/clingy behaviour and fear of separation.
- Requires five or more of the following:
- Difficulty making everyday decisions without advice or reassurance.
- Wants others to assume responsibility for major life choices.
- Fears disagreeing with others even when chance of anger/retribution minimal.
- Lacks confidence to initiate activities.
- Takes extreme steps to get support/approval from others (e.g.volunteer for unpleasant tasks).
- Feels uncomfortable when alone because scared they will need to look after themselves.
- Frantically seeks new relationships when one ends.
- Preoccupied with fears of being left to look after themselves.
- 0.4 - 0.6% of population, more frequent in females, although also evident in males.
- Most frequently reported Personality Disorder in clinical settings.
- Need to consider developmental appropriateness of diagnosis -- children are dependent on caregivers, but this is not a personality disorder.
Trauma and Stress Related Disorders
- Trauma: An event (or events) that cause extreme distress or disturbance.
- Stressor: An environmental circumstance (e.g. social or physical), which causes fear, frustrations, sadness.
Core traits of the therapist
- The therapist must be authentic and genuine (sometimes referred to as congruence).
- The therapist must express unconditional positive regard (non-judgemental acceptance of the client and their feelings).
- The therapist must relate to client with empathetic understanding.
- People can be understood only from the vantage point of their own perceptions and feelings.
- Healthy people are aware of their own behaviour.
- People are innately good and effective, they become ineffective and disturbed only when faulty learning intervenes.
- Behaviour is purposive and goal-directed.
- Therapists should not attempt to manipulate events for the individual -- rather they should create conditions which will facilitate independent decision making by the client.
Criticisms of humanistic- existential psychotherapy
- Lack of scientific rigour in some situations -- difficult to measure self awareness.
- Positive regard and empathy may not be necessary for effective counselling.
- Efficacy is variable -- some evidence suggests not more beneficial than simply talking to a non-professional about problems.
- Cultural bias? Some argue that humanistic approach is based on Western individualistic values.
Behavioural therapy
- Psychodynamic and humanist perspectives focus on insight and emotion as the pathway to improvement.
- Behavioural therapy and Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) evolved as a result of the development of Behaviourism and Cognitive Psychology from the 1940's onwards.
- Both have their basis in scientific explorations rather than clinical practice.
Basic Principles
- Short-term therapy.
- Therapeutic focus is the current behaviour/cognitions, not on past (e.g. childhood) experiences or inferred motives.
- Therapy commences with a behavioural analysis.
- Therapy targets problematic behaviours, cognitions, and emotional responses.
Exposure
- Used to treat phobias, anxiety triggered responses.
- Involves confronting the client with the stimulus they fear.
- The way in which this confrontation occurs determines the type of exposure used.
Operant conditioning & token economies
- Have a wealth of research evidence supporting their use in long-term behaviour change, but results are more variable than initially reported in the 1950's -- 1960's
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
- Highly effective in reducing risk of relapse from depression, anxiety, trauma-related disorders, and a number of other disorders.
- Outcome studies into Becks Cognitive Therapy report: is at least as effective as the use of anti-depressant medication in the treatment of acute phases of depression.
Psychopharmacotherapy
- Well established benefits for certain disorders:
- approximately 60% of patients with Schizophrenia who are treated with antipsychotic medication show a complete remission of symptoms within 6 weeks (only 20% do with a placebo).
- Anti-depressants are effective in alleviating the acute symptoms of depression, however, relapse following cessation of medication is a significant risk.
- Anxiolytics are also effective in alleviating the acute symptoms of anxiety -- however with cessation of medication there is a high rate of relapse.
Combining Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy
- CBT and anti-depressant medication when used alone are equally effective in treating acute phases of depression.
- Combining the two approaches reduces risk of relapse from depression following cessation of medication.
- Similar findings exist for the treatment of anxiety disorders with a combination of medication and CBT
Eclectic psychotherapy
- Involves combining techniques from different therapeutic approaches to fit a specific client's needs (eg combining CBT with anxiolytic medication).
Ethics
- Ethics can be defined as beliefs about what is right conduct.
- Ethics are moral principles adopted by a group or individual to provide rules for right conduct.
Worst abuses
- Eugenics movements, "mental defectives" isolated, sterilised or exterminated.
- Profession has strict guidelines for access to and use of tests.
The Corruption of Binet's Work
- Goddard translated the Simon-Binet scale in 1910.
- Researching "feeble minded" children.
- Wanted a diagnostic tool.
- Thought children who were feeble minded should be segregated so as not to "contaminate".
- Binet died 1911, just prior to the notion of IQ sweeping the US. Simon was said to deplore the concept of IQ. He claimed it was a "betrayal" of their original humanistic motivations.
- 1910 Goddard invited to assess immigrants.
- Government wanted to make this examination more accurate.
- Became convinced that "feeble mindedness" was common in immigrants.
- Congress allowed immigration staff to be trained in using intelligence tests.
- Initially, Goddard interpreted results with caution.
- Then, claimed that minimal research would be needed to confirm his original findings.
- Concluded by saying that average intellect of immigrants was low, "perhaps of moron grade".
- Due to environmental deprivation.
- Advocated deportation of immigrants.
- Claimed they could be used as laborers, if properly trained.
Culture-free/culture-fair tests
- Original purpose of intelligence tests: to provide valid, objective, socially unbiased measurement of intellectual ability.
- However, tests can never reveal innate intelligence or culture-free knowledge.
- Intelligence tests are just sample of what people know and can do.
- Knowledge is based in culture and develops over time.
- 'Culture-fair' tests should include items that would measure common skills and knowledge across cultures.
- Limited success.
- Intelligence tests thus need to be considered within a culture.
Biology and Intelligence
Does Brain Size Matter
- There is a slight correlation between brain size and intelligence.
- But -- is this due to more activity, better nutrition etc...
Is intelligence influenced by other cognitive abilities
- There is a relationship between memory and intelligence -- remember the WMI?
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Description
Test your knowledge on bipolar disorders and their symptoms. This quiz covers the key characteristics of both depressive and manic states, including specific symptoms. Learn more about the dynamics of mood disorders and their impact on daily life.
