Bipolar Disorder Overview

A mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, cycling between periods of mania (high energy, excitement, and sometimes risky behavior) and depression (low mood, loss of interest, and difficulty concentrating).

The most severe form of bipolar disorder, characterized by full-blown manic episodes that may involve hallucinations or delusions, and periods of depression. These episodes can last for weeks or months.

A form of bipolar disorder defined by episodes of hypomania (a milder form of mania with less extreme symptoms) and major depressive episodes.

A chronic mood disorder causing fluctuating moods that don't meet the full criteria for either Bipolar I or Bipolar II disorder. These fluctuations involve periods of hypomania (mildly elevated mood) and periods of depression.

A condition where the symptoms of bipolar disorder are directly caused by a general medical condition, such as a thyroid disorder or a brain tumor.

A condition where the symptoms of bipolar disorder are directly caused by the use or abuse of certain substances, like drugs or alcohol.

A state of abnormally elevated mood, energy, and activity level. Individuals in a manic state may experience racing thoughts, decreased need for sleep, impulsive behavior, and inflated self-esteem.

A milder form of mania, characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and a feeling of well-being. Unlike mania, hypomania doesn't cause significant impairment in daily functioning.

The concordance rate is significantly higher in identical twins (60-80%) compared to fraternal twins (10-20%), indicating a strong genetic component in bipolar disorder.

Individuals with bipolar disorder experience lower levels of norepinephrine and dopamine during depressive episodes and elevated levels during manic episodes.

Damage to specific brain regions like the limbic system, basal ganglia, and thalamus can trigger mania.

Certain medications for chronic illnesses can trigger manic episodes, with steroids being a common example.

A hallmark of mania is an elevated, exaggerated, or agitated mood characterized by euphoria and increased energy.

Excessive self-esteem and a lack of usual inhibitions often lead to risky behaviors and poor judgment during manic episodes.

Sleep disturbance is a common symptom during manic episodes, with individuals neglecting sleep needs even when fatigued.

A rapid and continuous flow of thoughts and ideas, often expressed through forceful and difficult-to-interrupt speech.

First-generation antipsychotics, also known as conventional or typical antipsychotics, are effective in treating both psychotic and nonpsychotic manic and mixed episodes, as well as hypomania.

Phenothiazine antipsychotics are classified as first-generation antipsychotics.

Dopamine agonists are non-ergot agents that bind to D2 and D3 dopamine receptors in the striatum and substantia nigra.

A primary nursing responsibility is to ensure a safe environment for both the client and others.

Decreasing environmental stimulation by providing a quiet environment can help clients relax.

Use simple, clear sentences and break information into small segments to accommodate the short attention span of clients experiencing mania.

Channel a client's need for movement into socially acceptable, large motor activities, such as arranging chairs for a meeting or walking.

Periodic serum lithium levels are used to monitor client safety and ensure proper medication dosage adjustment.