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Questions and Answers
What is the ultimate goal of biotechnology?
What is the ultimate goal of biotechnology?
Which is a significant need for biotechnology?
Which is a significant need for biotechnology?
Which of the following is NOT an application of biotechnology?
Which of the following is NOT an application of biotechnology?
How does fermentation impact the dough in baking?
How does fermentation impact the dough in baking?
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What characteristic is enhanced in crops through biotechnology to withstand environmental challenges?
What characteristic is enhanced in crops through biotechnology to withstand environmental challenges?
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What is depicted in the flowchart as a rectangle containing a DNA strand?
What is depicted in the flowchart as a rectangle containing a DNA strand?
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Which structure in the flowchart indicates the division of a gene?
Which structure in the flowchart indicates the division of a gene?
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What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding their genetic material?
What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding their genetic material?
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In the flowchart, what follows the step 'Ligated Plasmid'?
In the flowchart, what follows the step 'Ligated Plasmid'?
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Which type of organisms is NOT represented in the 'Host Cells and Transforming Agent' flowchart?
Which type of organisms is NOT represented in the 'Host Cells and Transforming Agent' flowchart?
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Which feature is exclusive to eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
Which feature is exclusive to eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
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What is indicated by a circle with brown and red balls in the flowchart?
What is indicated by a circle with brown and red balls in the flowchart?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the cell walls of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the cell walls of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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What is the main distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?
What is the main distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?
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During what cellular processes do prokaryotic cells conduct transcription and translation?
During what cellular processes do prokaryotic cells conduct transcription and translation?
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What component differentiates gram-negative bacteria from gram-positive bacteria?
What component differentiates gram-negative bacteria from gram-positive bacteria?
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What is the role of decantation in the gram staining process?
What is the role of decantation in the gram staining process?
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Which structure is characteristic of the gram-positive cell wall?
Which structure is characteristic of the gram-positive cell wall?
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What happens to gram-positive bacteria during the decolorization step of gram staining?
What happens to gram-positive bacteria during the decolorization step of gram staining?
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Which component contributes to the structure of the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria?
Which component contributes to the structure of the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria?
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The term 'NAG' and 'NAM' in bacterial cell walls refers to which of the following?
The term 'NAG' and 'NAM' in bacterial cell walls refers to which of the following?
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Study Notes
Biotechnology
- Using organisms or their products for human benefit
- Goal is to improve product yield through bio-engineering, bio-process technology, or genetic modification
Fermentation
- Process where yeast or bacteria convert sugar to alcohol or acids
- Used in the production of bread, beer, wine, and other fermented foods
Population Growth
- World population is projected to reach 9.2 billion by 2050
Need for Biotechnology
- Increase production efficiency
- Reduce costs
- Improve purity of products
- Increase resistance to disease and environmental stress
Applications of Biotechnology
- Agriculture: Crop improvement, pest control, increased yield
- Pisciculture: Improve fish production
- Medicine: Drug development, gene therapy, diagnostics
- Poultry: Disease resistance, increased egg production
- Vaccines: Development of new vaccines
- Genetically Modified Organisms: Creation of organisms with desired traits
- Transgenic Animals: Animals with genes from other species
Genetically Modified Organisms
- Process involves modifying an organism's genome by introducing new genes
- Steps:
- Isolation of the gene of interest
- Cutting the gene and a vector (plasmid) using restriction enzymes
- Joining the gene and vector using ligase
- Transforming the vector into a host cell
- Screening and selecting transformed cells
- Cloning the transformed cells
Host Cells and Transforming Agents
- Host cells are used to grow and express the modified gene
- Transforming agents are used to deliver the modified gene into the host cell
- Examples of host cells: Prokaryotes, yeast, animals, plants
- Examples of transforming agents: Plasmids
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
| Feature | Prokaryote | Eukaryote |
|---|---|---|
| Size | Small, in µm range | Variable size, upto 40µm in diameter. |
| Genetic material | Circular DNA present in cytosol as free material | DNA in the form of linear chromosome present in well defined double membrane nucleus, no direct connection with cytosol |
| Replication | Single origin of replication | Multiple origin of replication. |
| Genes | No Intron | Presence of Intron |
| Organelles | No membrane bound organelles | Membrane bound orgelles with well defined function. |
| Cell walls | Very complex cell wall | Except Fungi and plant, eukaryotic cells are devoid of a thick cell wall. |
| Ribosome | 70S | 80S |
| Trancription and translation | Occurs together | Transcription in nucleus and translation in cytosol |
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
- Capsule: Outer layer that provides protection
- Cell Wall: Rigid layer that gives shape
- Plasma Membrane: Regulates the passage of materials
- Cytoplasm: Contains the cell's genetic material and enzymes
- Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis
- Nucleoid: Contains the cell's DNA
- Pilli: Hair-like structures for attachment
- Flagella: Long, whip-like structures for movement
- Mesosome: Inward folds of the plasma membrane involved in respiration
- Plasmid: Small, circular DNA molecule
Gram Staining
- Technique developed by Hans Christian Gram
- Differentiates bacteria based on cell wall composition
- Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and retain the crystal violet stain
- Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and are decolorized by alcohol, taking up the safranin counterstain
- Gram-negative bacteria are typically more resistant to antibiotics due to the outer membrane.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of biotechnology, focusing on how organisms and their components are used to improve human life. This quiz covers essential topics like fermentation, population growth, and various applications in agriculture, medicine, and more. Test your knowledge on how biotechnology can enhance production efficiency and product quality.
