30 Questions
What was the brand name for the compound chlorpromazine?
Thorazine
What was the first of the 'minor tranquilizers'?
Meprobamate
What was the brand name for the biggest marketed version of meprobamate?
Miltown
What percentage of Americans were estimated to be on Miltown by the late 1950s?
5%
What was the compound chlorpromazine primarily used for?
Psychiatric treatment
Which of the following statements is true about Thorazine?
It reduced the need for electroconvulsive treatment
What was the impact of Thorazine on psychiatric treatment?
Reduced the need for electroconvulsive treatment
What was the impact of Meprobamate on the U.S. population?
It became normal to take tranquilizers
What was the most significant impact of Miltown on the U.S. drug market?
It became the bestselling drug in the U.S.
When was Thorazine approved for psychiatric use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration?
1954
Which drug was marketed as the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor?
Prozac
What was the name of the most important cell line in biomedical research, derived from Henrietta Lacks' cells?
HeLa
Who proposed the chemical imbalance theory related to depression?
Joseph Schildkraut
Which drug was known as 'mother's little helpers' and became prevalent in a society where many women suffered from depression and anxiety?
Valium
In what year were Henrietta Lacks' cells first used for research without her consent or reward?
1975
What was the first widely promoted anti-anxiety drug, with Valium being more effective and longer lasting?
Valium
What did the genetic engineering of microbes in 1973 allow?
Development of GMOs
What raised ethical questions about ownership and consent, with the first human cell line coming from Henrietta Lacks without her consent or reward?
Immortalized cell lines
What did John Moore's case in 1976 involve?
Commercialization of his cell line
What did the genetic engineering techniques following the initial success with microbes raise questions about?
Impact of GMOs on agriculture and the environment
Who developed the gene gun in 1983?
John Sanford and Edward Wolf
What was the first approved GMO for consumption in the U.S.?
Flavr-Savr tomato
Which country approved the first GM animal for food in the 1990s?
Canada
Which of the following countries have faced resistance to GMO grains?
Europe
What is the primary focus of GMO properties in foods?
Increasing yields for animal feed and ingredients
What technology became widely accepted after the birth of Louise Brown in 1978?
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Which animal was the first cloned using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)?
Dolly the sheep
What marked a new era in biotechnology, introducing personalized medicine and genetic testing?
The Human Genome Project and forensic genetics
What has a significant impact on gene expression according to the text?
Environmental stimuli
What is the estimated market value of GMOs primarily from soy, canola, cotton, and corn?
Over $300 billion
Study Notes
History of Genetic Modification and Reproductive Technologies
- In 1977, biologist Mary-Dell Chilton used Agrobacterium tumafaciens to insert genetic material from a foreign species into a plant, leading to the development of GMO crops by chemical companies in the 1980s.
- The gene gun, invented in 1983 by John Sanford and Edward Wolf, was used to genetically transform plants and create GMOs.
- The first approved GMO was a pest-resistant tobacco in China in 1992, followed by the first GMO for consumption, a bruising-resistant tomato named "Flavr-Savr," in the U.S. the same year.
- AquaAdvantage salmon, the first GM animal for food, was developed in the 1990s and approved by Canada, but the FDA postponed its release due to labeling guidelines.
- GMO grains, such as Bt corn and "Roundup Ready" soybeans, have become common in the United States, China, Argentina, and India, but have faced resistance in Europe.
- The market for GMOs is estimated at over $300 billion, primarily from soy, canola, cotton, and corn modified for herbicide tolerance or insecticidal action.
- GMO properties do not make foods more nutritious or better tasting, focusing on increasing yields for animal feed and ingredients.
- Assisted reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and egg donation, became widely accepted after the birth of Louise Brown in 1978.
- Dolly the sheep, born in 1996 using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), was the first cloned animal, sparking ethical debates about cloning humans.
- While technically possible to clone a human, it is banned in most countries, and environmental stimuli have a significant impact on gene expression.
- The Human Genome Project and forensic genetics marked a new era in biotechnology, introducing personalized medicine and genetic testing.
- Crash Course History of Science is a Complexly production and can be supported through Patreon to keep the series free for all viewers.
Test your knowledge of the history of genetic modification and reproductive technologies with this quiz. Explore the development of GMO crops, GMO animals, and the impact of assisted reproductive technologies. From the first approved GMOs to the ethical debates around cloning, this quiz covers key milestones in biotechnology and genetic engineering.
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