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Questions and Answers
What is the primary substrate for lipogenesis in most mammals?
What is the primary substrate for lipogenesis in most mammals?
Which molecule is the main fuel molecule produced by the diet in ruminants for lipogenesis?
Which molecule is the main fuel molecule produced by the diet in ruminants for lipogenesis?
What critical diseases of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway have not been reported in humans?
What critical diseases of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway have not been reported in humans?
What is the benefit of having a high ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (P:S ratio) in the diet?
What is the benefit of having a high ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (P:S ratio) in the diet?
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Which essential fatty acids are used to form eicosanoic (C20) fatty acids that give rise to prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and lipoxins?
Which essential fatty acids are used to form eicosanoic (C20) fatty acids that give rise to prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and lipoxins?
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What functions do prostaglandins mediate according to the text?
What functions do prostaglandins mediate according to the text?
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What is the enzyme activity responsible for liberating the Fatty Acid Synthase complex from a free palmitate molecule?
What is the enzyme activity responsible for liberating the Fatty Acid Synthase complex from a free palmitate molecule?
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Which molecule must the free palmitate be converted to before proceeding through any other metabolic pathway?
Which molecule must the free palmitate be converted to before proceeding through any other metabolic pathway?
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Which process describes the usual fate of palmitate after it is liberated from the Fatty Acid Synthase complex?
Which process describes the usual fate of palmitate after it is liberated from the Fatty Acid Synthase complex?
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In which gland is there a specific thioesterase for acyl residues of 𝐶8, 𝐶10, or 𝐶12, found in milk lipids?
In which gland is there a specific thioesterase for acyl residues of 𝐶8, 𝐶10, or 𝐶12, found in milk lipids?
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Which molecule acts as a primer for the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms?
Which molecule acts as a primer for the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms?
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What is the main source of NADPH for lipogenesis?
What is the main source of NADPH for lipogenesis?
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Which molecules act as cofactors in the biosynthesis of fatty acids?
Which molecules act as cofactors in the biosynthesis of fatty acids?
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What is the immediate substrate in the biosynthesis of fatty acids?
What is the immediate substrate in the biosynthesis of fatty acids?
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Which vitamin is required by acetyl-CoA carboxylase in fatty acid synthesis?
Which vitamin is required by acetyl-CoA carboxylase in fatty acid synthesis?
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What is the main pathway for de novo synthesis of fatty acids?
What is the main pathway for de novo synthesis of fatty acids?
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Which substance is required in the initial reaction for the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA?
Which substance is required in the initial reaction for the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA?
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What type of properties do leukotrienes have?
What type of properties do leukotrienes have?
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What is the initial and controlling step in fatty acid synthesis?
What is the initial and controlling step in fatty acid synthesis?
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How does the synthase system differ in bacteria and plants compared to yeast, mammals, and birds?
How does the synthase system differ in bacteria and plants compared to yeast, mammals, and birds?
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What role does 4'-phosphopantetheine play in the fatty acid synthase complex?
What role does 4'-phosphopantetheine play in the fatty acid synthase complex?
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What is a key advantage of using a multienzyme functional unit for fatty acid synthesis?
What is a key advantage of using a multienzyme functional unit for fatty acid synthesis?
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In mammals, how many monomers make up the fatty acid synthase complex?
In mammals, how many monomers make up the fatty acid synthase complex?
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Which type of organism uses acyl carrier protein (ACP) in the fatty acid synthase system?
Which type of organism uses acyl carrier protein (ACP) in the fatty acid synthase system?
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Which metabolic pathway is the chief source of hydrogen required for the reductive synthesis of fatty acids?
Which metabolic pathway is the chief source of hydrogen required for the reductive synthesis of fatty acids?
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Which tissues possess an active pentose phosphate pathway and are specialized in active lipogenesis?
Which tissues possess an active pentose phosphate pathway and are specialized in active lipogenesis?
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What is the main source of NADPH required for lipogenesis?
What is the main source of NADPH required for lipogenesis?
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Where is acetyl-CoA mainly formed from glucose for fatty acid synthesis?
Where is acetyl-CoA mainly formed from glucose for fatty acid synthesis?
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Which reaction converts malate to pyruvate and is involved in generating NADPH for lipogenesis?
Which reaction converts malate to pyruvate and is involved in generating NADPH for lipogenesis?
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Why does acetyl-CoA not diffuse readily into the extramitochondrial cytosol?
Why does acetyl-CoA not diffuse readily into the extramitochondrial cytosol?
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What is the fate of citrate in the extramitochondrial compartment?
What is the fate of citrate in the extramitochondrial compartment?
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What enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of citrate into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate?
What enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of citrate into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate?
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How is NADPH generated from oxaloacetate via malate?
How is NADPH generated from oxaloacetate via malate?
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What is the function of the malic enzyme in the context of lipogenesis?
What is the function of the malic enzyme in the context of lipogenesis?
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How can reducing equivalents be transferred from extramitochondrial NADH to NADP?
How can reducing equivalents be transferred from extramitochondrial NADH to NADP?
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In what form does malate need to be for the citrate transporter to exchange it with citrate in the mitochondrion?
In what form does malate need to be for the citrate transporter to exchange it with citrate in the mitochondrion?
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What is the primary role of acetyl-CoA in fatty acid biosynthesis?
What is the primary role of acetyl-CoA in fatty acid biosynthesis?
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How is pyruvate used in the context of fatty acid synthesis?
How is pyruvate used in the context of fatty acid synthesis?
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Which molecule is required for the exchange of citrate with malate in the mitochondrion?
Which molecule is required for the exchange of citrate with malate in the mitochondrion?
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What is the significance of ATP in the cleavage of citrate into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate?
What is the significance of ATP in the cleavage of citrate into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate?
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What is the fate of citrate after it is translocated into the extramitochondrial compartment?
What is the fate of citrate after it is translocated into the extramitochondrial compartment?
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Which enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of citrate into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate?
Which enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of citrate into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate?
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What is the primary building block used in the biosynthesis of fatty acids?
What is the primary building block used in the biosynthesis of fatty acids?
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Which molecule is responsible for transferring reducing equivalents from extramitochondrial NADH to NADP?
Which molecule is responsible for transferring reducing equivalents from extramitochondrial NADH to NADP?
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What is the final product generated by malic enzyme from oxaloacetate?
What is the final product generated by malic enzyme from oxaloacetate?
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Which enzyme converts malate to pyruvate for generating NADPH in lipogenesis?
Which enzyme converts malate to pyruvate for generating NADPH in lipogenesis?
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Where does the tricarboxylate transporter translocate citrate into?
Where does the tricarboxylate transporter translocate citrate into?
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In which state does ATP-citratlyase exhibit increased activity?
In which state does ATP-citratlyase exhibit increased activity?
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What is the role of pyruvate in relation to acetyl-CoA in lipogenesis?
What is the role of pyruvate in relation to acetyl-CoA in lipogenesis?
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What is the function of the malic enzyme in lipogenesis?
What is the function of the malic enzyme in lipogenesis?
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