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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic that takes on more than one value called?
What is a characteristic that takes on more than one value called?
- Data item
- Variable (correct)
- Constant
- Characteristic
Which of the following is an example of a variable?
Which of the following is an example of a variable?
- Country of residence
- Vehicle type
- All of the above (correct)
- Class grades
What is the independent variable in a study?
What is the independent variable in a study?
- The effect
- A dependent variable
- The cause (correct)
- A constant
What is the dependent variable in a study?
What is the dependent variable in a study?
In a sample of 50 males, what is gender considered as?
In a sample of 50 males, what is gender considered as?
What is an example of a dependent variable in the context of the study on the impact of smoking on colorectal cancer risk?
What is an example of a dependent variable in the context of the study on the impact of smoking on colorectal cancer risk?
What is an example of an independent variable in the context of the study on HBV infection?
What is an example of an independent variable in the context of the study on HBV infection?
What is a snapshot of a data collection form called?
What is a snapshot of a data collection form called?
What is the main characteristic of nominal data?
What is the main characteristic of nominal data?
What type of data is the number of traffic accidents an example of?
What type of data is the number of traffic accidents an example of?
Which of the following is an example of ordinal data?
Which of the following is an example of ordinal data?
What is the main characteristic of continuous data?
What is the main characteristic of continuous data?
What type of data is the variable 'diabetes' an example of?
What type of data is the variable 'diabetes' an example of?
What is the main characteristic of discrete data?
What is the main characteristic of discrete data?
Which of the following is an example of continuous data?
Which of the following is an example of continuous data?
What type of data is the variable 'age' an example of?
What type of data is the variable 'age' an example of?
What is the primary concern of public health?
What is the primary concern of public health?
What is the main focus of epidemiology?
What is the main focus of epidemiology?
What is the definition of statistics?
What is the definition of statistics?
What is biostatistics primarily concerned with?
What is biostatistics primarily concerned with?
What is a population in the context of biostatistics?
What is a population in the context of biostatistics?
What is a sample in the context of biostatistics?
What is a sample in the context of biostatistics?
What is an example of a population in biostatistics?
What is an example of a population in biostatistics?
What is the key characteristic of a sample in biostatistics?
What is the key characteristic of a sample in biostatistics?
What type of data is 'Age' in Example 1?
What type of data is 'Age' in Example 1?
What is the primary goal of Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)?
What is the primary goal of Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)?
What is the difference between a parameter and a statistic?
What is the difference between a parameter and a statistic?
What type of data is 'Blood type' in Example 6?
What type of data is 'Blood type' in Example 6?
What is the primary purpose of Descriptive Statistics?
What is the primary purpose of Descriptive Statistics?
What type of data is 'Nutritional status' in Example 7?
What type of data is 'Nutritional status' in Example 7?
What is the primary goal of reducing bias in statistical analysis?
What is the primary goal of reducing bias in statistical analysis?
What is the primary step in data analysis?
What is the primary step in data analysis?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Biostatistics
- Biostatistics is a branch of statistics that deals primarily with the biological sciences and medical/health-related disciplines.
- Public health investigations use quantitative methods, which combine epidemiology and biostatistics.
Population and Sample
- A population is a collection of persons/things or characteristics in which we have an interest to investigate.
- A sample is a subset of a population.
- A sample should be a representative part of the population.
Variables
- A variable is a characteristic that takes on more than one value.
- Examples of variables include age, gender, business income and expenses, country of birth, capital expenditure, class grades, eye color, and vehicle type.
- If a sample consists of 50 males, then gender is not a variable in this sample but is termed a constant.
Independent and Dependent Variables
- The independent variable is the cause, and its value is independent of other variables in your study.
- The dependent variable is the effect, and its value depends on changes in the independent variable.
Data Types/Measurement Scales
- Nominal variables measure values that fall into categories with no natural numerical value.
- Ordinal variables fall into categories that can be qualitatively ordered but have no intrinsic numerical value.
- Discrete data are measured quantities that take on specific values, usually integers.
- Continuous data are measured quantities not restricted to specific values.
Central Dogma of Statistics
- A parameter is any summarization of the elements of a population.
- A statistic is any summarization of the elements of a sample.
- The goal is to minimize the difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter.
Descriptive Statistics/Exploratory Data Analysis
- EDA allows us to visualize distributions and relationships, detect errors, and assess assumptions for confirmatory analysis.
- EDA is the first step of data analysis, and it's essential to look at your data to understand it.
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