Biosafety Levels and Risk Groups Quiz
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Biosafety Levels and Risk Groups Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Match the risk group with its description:

Risk Group 1 = Unlikely to cause human or animal disease Risk Group 2 = Can cause human or animal disease, but unlikely to be serious Risk Group 3 = Usually causes serious disease but does not spread easily Risk Group 4 = High-risk pathogens handled in specialized labs

Match the Biosafety Level with its corresponding features:

BSL-1 = Basic level of protection suitable for working with non-pathogenic organisms BSL-2 = For moderate-risk pathogens with limited spread BSL-3 = High containment level for serious pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis BSL-4 = Highest containment for the most dangerous and infectious pathogens

Match the type of laboratory with its typical risk level:

Clinical Laboratory = Most operate at BSL-2 Research Laboratory = May operate at BSL-3 or BSL-4 Biosafety Level 2 = Used for moderate-risk pathogens Biosafety Level 3 = Used for higher-risk work with serious pathogens

Match the type of risk with its example:

<p>Moderate individual risk = Risk Group 2 pathogens High individual risk = Risk Group 3 pathogens Low individual risk = Risk Group 1 pathogens Highest risk = Risk Group 4 pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the safety practice with its level of implementation:

<p>Containment devices = Utilized in BSL-2 and above Effective treatment = Available for Risk Group 2 pathogens Limited spread = Characteristic of Risk Group 3 pathogens Specialized high containment = Required for Risk Group 4 pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the organization with its purpose:

<p>ABSA International = Provides a database for pathogenic organisms Clinical Laboratories = Evaluate exposure risks for organisms Research Laboratories = Handle high-risk pathogens Laboratory Safety = Promote safety practices in laboratories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the statement with the correct level of containment:

<p>BSL-4 labs = Handle the highest risk pathogens BSL-3 labs = Conduct work with Risk Group 3 organisms BSL-2 labs = Common operational level for clinical laboratories Risk Group 4 = Requires specialized containment measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the feature with the corresponding risk group:

<p>Risk Group 2 = Limited risk of serious infection Risk Group 3 = Transmission potential is lower Risk Group 1 = No significant risk to individuals Risk Group 4 = Specialized handling only</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of PPE with their primary purposes:

<p>Safety glasses = Protection from flying objects Goggles = Protection from chemical splashes Face shields = Protection from large volumes of hazardous materials Respirators = Protection from inhalation exposures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of hazard with their descriptions:

<p>Splash = Contact that involves liquid splattering Vapor = Gaseous exposure potential Dust = Solid particles suspended in the air Cryogenic = Exposure to very low temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following lab coat types with their specific protection features:

<p>Splash resistant coat = Protection from liquid spills Flame resistant coat = Protection from fire hazards Static free coat = Prevention of static discharge Chemical resistant coat = Protection against hazardous substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of eye protection with their appropriate situations:

<p>Safety glasses = When there is a risk of flying particles Goggles = When there is a high potential for chemical splashes Face shields = When using large volumes of hazardous materials Prescription spectacles = As a sole form of eye protection (not recommended)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following PPE items with their mandatory requirements:

<p>Protective eyewear = Required when using chemicals or glassware Lab coat = Required to protect skin and clothing Closed-toed shoes = Mandatory in laboratory settings Chemical resistant gloves = Required when handling hazardous substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of a hazard analysis with their focus:

<p>Identify hazards = List chemicals and physical hazards Contact location = Determine body parts at risk Nature of potential contact = Identify type of exposure Engineering controls = Assess available safety equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of contact with their definitions:

<p>Continuous immersion = Prolonged exposure to hazardous liquids Intermittent mist = Occasional exposure to fine droplets Pressurized spray = Exposure to liquids under pressure Gaseous contact = Exposure to vapors or gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of respiratory protection with their requirements:

<p>Full-face mask = Used for comprehensive respiratory protection N-95 filter mask = Used for filtering airborne particles Paper filter mask = Basic respiratory protection option Fit test = Required for all respirator users</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following risks with the appropriate eye protection:

<p>Chemical spills = Use of goggles Flying objects = Use of safety glasses High heat operations = Use of face shields Pressure-related tasks = Use of goggles or face shields</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following items of personal protection with their recommended usage:

<p>Goggles = When working with glassware Lab coat = When handling hazardous chemicals Face shield = When pouring corrosive liquids Safety glasses = When using power tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following PPE concerns with their appropriate suggestions:

<p>Prescription glasses = Not adequate for eye protection Contact lenses = Risk of chemical contamination Safety glasses = Require side shields for protection Goggles = Must have indirect ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Risk Groups with their respective descriptions:

<p>Risk Group 1 = Pathogens that pose minimal risk to individuals and the community Risk Group 2 = Pathogens that pose moderate individual and community risk Risk Group 3 = Pathogens that usually cause serious disease and can be transmitted Risk Group 4 = Pathogens that pose high individual and community risk with no effective treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Biosafety Levels with their laboratory features:

<p>Biosafety Level 1 = Basic teaching and research with no special equipment Biosafety Level 2 = Primary health services with protective clothing required Biosafety Level 3 = Specialized diagnostic services with controlled access Biosafety Level 4 = Dangerous pathogen units with maximum containment procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following PPE types with their use cases:

<p>Lab coat = Standard protection in BSL-2 environments Nitrile gloves = Basic protection against chemicals and biological samples Double gloves = Enhanced protection when dealing with higher risk samples N95 respirator = Respiratory protection in aerosol-generating procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Common Clinical Lab Specimens with their corresponding tests:

<p>Stool culture = Testing for enteric pathogens like Salmonella Urine cultures = Setup and interpretation of urine samples Blood chemistry = Testing for chemical constituents in blood Antibiotic sensitivity = Testing bacterial resistance to antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Enhanced Precautions with their corresponding scenarios:

<p>Use of double gloves = When handling higher risk pathogens Solid front gown = During procedures generating infectious aerosols Disposable shoe covers = When entering high-containment areas Specific respiratory protection = When aerosol generation is likely</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Risk Assessment considerations with their descriptions:

<p>Pathogenicity = How severe the disease caused by the organism is Transmission mode = How the organism spreads between individuals Host range = The variety of species the pathogen can infect Local availability of treatment = Access to effective medical interventions in the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following BSL-3 Practices with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Special clothing = To limit exposure to dangerous pathogens Controlled access = Only authorized personnel may enter the laboratory Directional airflow = Ensures contaminants do not escape the lab Primary devices = Includes biological safety cabinets for all activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Types of Biosafety Cabinets (BSC) with their corresponding safety features:

<p>Class I BSC = Provides personnel protection only Class II BSC = Provides personnel and product protection Class III BSC = Maximum containment BSC with sealed environment Double-ended autoclave = Used for decontaminating waste or materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following PPE commonly found in BSL-2 labs with their uses:

<p>Safety glasses = To protect eyes from splashes and spills Respiratory protection = To safeguard against inhalation of hazardous aerosols Gloves = To protect hands from exposure to biological materials Lab coats = To protect clothes from contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Pathogens with their corresponding risk group considerations:

<p>Brucella spp. = Higher risk pathogens requiring enhanced precautions Coccidioides spp. = Potential for airborne transmission Mycobacterium tuberculosis = Requires specific containment measures Francisella tularensis = Considered for BSL-3 practices due to its infectious nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Types of Laboratory Practices with their corresponding BSL:

<p>GMT = Basic Biosafety Level 1 GMT plus protective clothing = Basic Biosafety Level 2 As Level 2 plus special clothing = Containment Biosafety Level 3 As Level 3 plus airlock entry = Maximum containment Biosafety Level 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bloodborne pathogens with their primary characteristics:

<p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) = Chronic liver infection Hepatitis C virus (HCV) = Spread primarily through blood Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) = Leads to AIDS Ebola virus = High fatality rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens Standard:

<p>Exposure Control Plan = Plan for minimizing exposure risks Preventive measures = Includes vaccination and standard precautions Methods of control = Engineering and work practice controls Accident procedures = Steps to take after an exposure incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of body fluids with their infection risk:

<p>Blood = High risk for bloodborne pathogens Body fluids = Risk varies based on type Secretions = Contains infectious materials Sweat = Generally considered non-infectious</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following engineering controls with their functions:

<p>Self-sheathing needles = Reduces needlestick injuries Sharps disposal containers = Safe disposal of hazardous materials Biological safety cabinets = Protects against airborne pathogens Hand washing facilities = Prevents transmission of infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following work practice controls with their guidelines:

<p>No smoking = Prevents potential contamination No eating or drinking = Minimizes risk of accidental exposure No applying cosmetics = Prevents skin contamination No mouth pipetting = Prevents ingesting infectious materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of sharps with examples:

<p>Needles = Commonly used for injections Scalpels = Used in surgical procedures Broken glass = Potential cause for cuts Safety devices = Covers needle after use</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sharps safety procedures with their descriptions:

<p>Place sharps immediately in containers = Prevents injuries Use extreme caution with scalpels = Minimizes cut risks Do not recap needles = Avoids accidental needle sticks Fill sharps containers to the line = Regulates fill levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following exposure incident types with their definitions:

<p>Direct contact = Body fluid comes into contact with skin Parenteral exposure = Piercing the skin barrier Non-intact skin exposure = Contact with broken skin Mucous membrane exposure = Contact with eyes or mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following actions to take if an exposure occurs:

<p>Wash the affected area immediately = First response to reduce infection risk Contact your supervisor = Report incident promptly Receive evaluation and treatment = Necessary for potential exposure risks Maintain confidentiality = Protects worker's privacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps to avoid exposure to bloodborne pathogens:

<p>Use proper PPE = Protects from infectious materials Follow safe work practices = Reduces risk of exposure Ask supervisor for guidance = Ensures safety procedures are followed Think ahead about tasks = Minimizes exposure risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of lab coat materials with their characteristics:

<p>Treated Cotton = Flame resistant Polypropylene = Chemical resistant Nomex = Heat resistant Cotton = General use</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following glove types with their appropriate usage:

<p>Latex Gloves = Handling moderate risk chemicals Nitrile Gloves = Resistant to punctures and chemicals Vinyl Gloves = General low-risk tasks Rubber Gloves = Protection against high temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sections of the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) with their contents:

<p>Section 1 = Product and Company Identification Section 4 = First Aid Measures Section 9 = Physical and Chemical Properties Section 14 = Transport Information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hazards with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE):

<p>Sharp Objects = Cut-resistant gloves Chemicals = Chemical-resistant gloves Heat = Heat resistant gloves Dust = Respiratory protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bloodborne pathogens with their respective diseases:

<p>Hepatitis B = Liver disease Hepatitis C = Chronic liver disease HIV = AIDS Malaria = Parasitic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following items to their definitions in lab safety:

<p>Degradation Rating = Measures glove material resistance Breakthrough Time = Duration before chemicals penetrate material Permeation Rate = Rate of chemical movement through material SDS Recommendation = Guidance on chemical handling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of a GHS-Compliant Label with their descriptions:

<p>Signal Word = Indicates hazard severity Hazard Statements = Describes specific hazards Precautionary Statements = Recommended safety measures Supplier Identification = Contact details of manufacturer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of injuries with their associated hazards:

<p>Needlesticks = Exposure to bloodborne pathogens Chemical burns = Handling corrosive substances Cuts = Sharp-edged objects Heat burns = High temperature materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following personal protective equipment (PPE) with their care instructions:

<p>Reusable PPE = Clean after each use Disposable Gloves = Use only once Face Shields = Store separate from chemicals Protective Eyewear = Inspect for damage regularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following laboratory practices with their purposes:

<p>Engineering controls = Minimize exposure Training = Increase awareness of hazards Medical surveillance = Monitor health effects Vaccinations = Prevent infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following materials with their properties:

<p>Polyethylene = Good chemical resistance Neoprene = Oil resistant Leather = Durable against cuts Nitrile = Puncture resistant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phrases with their roles in exposure control plans:

<p>Work practice controls = Reduces risk during procedures Engineering controls = Involves physical safety measures Personal protective clothing = Reduces direct exposure Employee training = Informs on hazards and safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following precautions to their correct actions:

<p>Inspect PPE = Check for damage before use Store PPE = Keep away from heat Clean PPE = Use appropriate cleanser immediately Dispose of PPE = Throw out when contaminated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following definitions to their terms related to bloodborne pathogens:

<p>Exposure Control Plan = Framework to minimize risks Safer medical devices = Reduce needlestick injuries Protective clothing = Barriers against exposure Hepatitis B vaccination = Prevention measure for at-risk individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest risk group classification for pathogenic organisms?

<p>Risk Group 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory biosafety level is most commonly operated by clinical laboratories?

<p>BSL-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk group classification includes pathogens that usually cause serious disease but do not typically spread from person to person?

<p>Risk Group 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organization provides a searchable database for pathogenic organisms used in laboratory assessments?

<p>American Biological Safety Association</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Risk Group 2 indicate about a pathogen's risk level?

<p>Moderate individual risk with limited spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a BSL-3 laboratory?

<p>Uses higher containment for serious disease pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding Risk Group 4 pathogens?

<p>They are handled only in specialized high containment laboratories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of determining the risk group of pathogens handled in a laboratory?

<p>To evaluate potential exposure risks and necessary safety practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting a lab hazard analysis?

<p>To identify existing and potential hazards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mandatory minimum PPE requirement in the laboratory?

<p>Safety glasses with side shields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of eye protection is specifically recommended for high potential chemical splashes?

<p>Goggles with indirect ventilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are ordinary prescription glasses considered inadequate for protection in a laboratory setting?

<p>They are not designed for impact or chemical resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation is it necessary to wear a face shield in combination with other eye protection?

<p>During activities that generate projectiles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key consideration when determining the location of potential contact with hazards?

<p>Assess which part of the body may be exposed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it advised to use engineering controls over respirators whenever possible?

<p>Wearing respirators can present additional health concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if contact lenses become contaminated in the laboratory?

<p>Remove them immediately and discard them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lab coat is specifically designed to resist chemical hazards?

<p>Chemical resistant coat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a lab coat in a laboratory setting?

<p>To protect personal clothing and skin from contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is essential for safety glasses to ensure eye protection?

<p>They must include side shields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which scenario is a respirator required under OSHA regulations?

<p>When using a full-face mask or N-95 filter mask.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of eye protection should be worn when working with projectiles under stress?

<p>Chemical splash goggles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes Risk Group 4 pathogens?

<p>Pathogens that cause serious disease and are easily transmitted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors should be considered for classifying microorganisms by risk group?

<p>Pathogenicity, mode of transmission, host range, and treatment availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of laboratory primarily handles routine specimens safely in a BSL-2 setting?

<p>Basic Biosafety Level 2 laboratories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional precautions may be necessary in a BSL-2 laboratory?

<p>Enhancing measures during known aerosol-generating procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding personal protective equipment (PPE) according to the safety hierarchy?

<p>PPE is considered the last line of defense in safety controls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of PPE might be required in a BSL-2 enhanced setting?

<p>Solid front gowns, disposable shoe covers, and respiratory protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common procedure that may require enhanced precautions in a BSL-2 lab?

<p>Testing for Neisseria meningitidis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lab practices correspond to the features of a Containment Biosafety Level 3 lab?

<p>Controlled access, special clothing, and BSC for all activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary measures should be taken when a BSL-2 lab lacks a biological safety cabinet?

<p>Use enhanced precautions like double gloves and respirators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a characteristic of Basic Biosafety Level 1 laboratories?

<p>No protective equipment is needed, open bench work only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant hazard when conducting procedures in a BSL-2 lab with suspected pathogenic bacteria?

<p>Transmission of pathogens through aerosols or droplets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathogens is not typically associated with a BSL-3 laboratory?

<p>Streptococcus species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is NOT recommended when an infectious aerosol is possible in a BSL-2 laboratory?

<p>Conduct aerosol-generating procedures without containment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered when selecting the appropriate gloves for handling hazardous materials?

<p>Chemical compatibility and degradation rating</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about lab coat protection is accurate?

<p>Lab coat materials vary in their level of protection against different hazards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a Safety Data Sheet (SDS)?

<p>To provide detailed information on hazards and safe handling measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if personal protective equipment (PPE) shows signs of damage?

<p>Discard it and avoid using until obtaining a new one</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics are typically detailed in an SDS?

<p>Physical properties and emergency measures among various details</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about glove usage is incorrect?

<p>Disposable gloves can be washed and reused.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these practices is essential for maintaining PPE?

<p>Inspecting PPE for damage before each use</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'flame resistant' mean in the context of lab coats?

<p>The fabric does not burn easily in air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common engineering control for minimizing exposure to bloodborne pathogens?

<p>Using safer medical devices, like needleless systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which type of work is extended use of gloves particularly critical?

<p>Immersing hands in chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a GHS-Compliant Label provides information about the severity of a hazard?

<p>Signal Word</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bloodborne pathogens pose a risk to workers in various occupations?

<p>Infectious microorganisms like hepatitis viruses and HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should never be done with disposable gloves?

<p>Reuse them after cleaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a section of the Safety Data Sheet (SDS)?

<p>Shelf Life of Products</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of standard precautions?

<p>To reduce the risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens by treating all body fluids as potentially infectious</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an engineering control that helps minimize exposure to bloodborne pathogens?

<p>Self-sheathing needles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under OSHA’s Bloodborne Pathogens Standard, what is the required first action after an exposure incident occurs?

<p>Report the incident to a supervisor immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following body fluids is NOT considered potentially infectious according to standard precautions?

<p>Sweat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using personal protective equipment (PPE) in healthcare settings?

<p>To provide a barrier against potential exposure to infectious materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a prohibited activity when working in an environment with potential bloodborne pathogens?

<p>Applying lip balm at a workstation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of exposure is defined as parenteral exposure?

<p>Exposure that occurs through needlesticks or cuts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action for handling used needles to ensure safety?

<p>Place in puncture-resistant sharps containers after use</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard?

<p>Mandatory screening for Ebola before healthcare employment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Ebola virus in healthcare settings?

<p>Healthcare workers are at greater risk for exposure compared to most other professions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Risk Groups & Biosafety Levels

  • Pathogenic organisms are classified into four Risk Groups based on their associated danger level:

    • Risk Group 1 (no or low individual and community risk): Unlikely to cause disease in humans or animals.
    • Risk Group 2 (moderate individual risk, low community risk): Can cause disease but unlikely to be a serious hazard to lab workers. Effective treatments exist.
    • Risk Group 3 (high individual risk, low community risk): Usually causes serious disease but does not spread easily between individuals. Effective treatment and preventive measures available.
    • Risk Group 4 (high individual and community risk): Causes serious disease and can be readily transmitted directly or indirectly between individuals. Effective treatment and preventive measures not usually available.

  • Biosafety Levels (BSL) classify laboratory design and safety practices.

    • BSL-1 (Basic): For working with Risk Group 1 organisms.
    • BSL-2 (Basic): For working with Risk Group 2 organisms.
    • BSL-3 (Containment): For working with Risk Group 3 organisms.
    • BSL-4 (Maximum containment): For working with Risk Group 4 organisms.

Clinical Laboratory Examples

  • Typical BSL-2 clinical lab specimens and work:

    • Stool culture for enteric pathogens
    • Urine cultures
    • Blood chemistry testing
    • Antibiotic sensitivity testing
    • Streptococcus testing

  • Higher risk specimens and work requiring additional precautions:

    • Neisseria meningitidis testing
    • Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture work
    • Respiratory and wound aspirate specimens for culture
    • Subculture positive blood cultures
    • Aerosol-generating procedures

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

  • Selecting PPE:

    • Identify all hazards that may require protection (chemicals, biologicals, radioactives, physical hazards).
    • Consider potential contact (splash, immersion, spray, vapors, dust) and location of contact (eyes, face, skin, nose, mouth, body, feet) .
    • Review SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures), SDS (Safety Data Sheets), and hazard information for appropriate PPE.

  • Mandatory Minimum PPE Requirements:

    • Protective eye wear
    • Lab coat
    • Closed-toed shoes
    • Chemical resistant gloves (when working with hazardous substances)

  • Eye Protection:

    • Safety glasses: Must have side shields and worn when objects striking the eye are possible (glassware, heating sources, particles).
    • Goggles: Worn for high potential splash from hazardous materials (glassware under pressure, high temperature operations).
    • Face shields: Worn for large volumes of hazardous materials, splash protection, or flying particles.

  • Respiratory Protection:

    • OSHA has strict requirements for respirator use.
    • Consider engineering controls (ventilation, fume hoods, gloveboxes) to prevent inhalation exposures.

  • Lab Coats:

    • Protect skin, clothing, and prevent contamination spread.
    • Select lab coats based on the type of protection needed (splash resistant, static free, chemical resistant, flame resistant).

Hand Protection

  • Gloves:

    • Worn when handling hazardous materials, chemicals of unknown toxicity, corrosives, sharp objects, hot or cold materials.
    • Disposable gloves (latex, vinyl, nitrile) usually appropriate for most circumstances.
    • Select appropriate glove material based on chemical compatibility for high acute toxicity, corrosives, extended use, or immersion.
    • Never reuse disposable gloves.

  • Gloves Selection Considerations:

    • Degradation Rating
    • Breakthrough Time
    • Permeation Rate
    • SDS Recommendation

Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

  • Contains detailed information about a chemical:
      1. Product and Company Identification
      1. Hazards Identification
      1. Composition/Information on Ingredients
      1. First Aid Measures
      1. Fire Fighting Measures
      1. Accidental Release Measures
      1. Handling and Storage
      1. Exposure Controls/ Personal Protection
      1. Physical and Chemical Properties
      1. Stability and Reactivity
      1. Toxicological Information
      1. Ecological Information
      1. Disposal Considerations
      1. Transport Information
    • 15, Regulatory Information
      1. Other Information

Understanding Manufacturer Labels

  • The original label from the supplier or manufacturer must remain attached to the container.
  • GHS-Compliant Label:
    • Product Identifier
    • Signal Word (Danger or Warning)
    • Hazard Statements
    • Precautionary Statements
    • Supplier Identification
    • Pictograms

Bloodborne Pathogens

  • Bloodborne pathogens: Infectious microorganisms found in human blood that can cause disease.

    • Hepatitis B (HBV)
    • Hepatitis C (HCV)
    • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

  • Exposure Control Plan: Employers must implement an exposure control plan to reduce or eliminate hazards related to bloodborne pathogens.

    • Engineering and work practice controls
    • Personal protective clothing and equipment
    • Employee training
    • Medical surveillance
    • Hepatitis B vaccinations

Bloodborne Pathogens

  • Healthcare workers frequently handle materials containing bloodborne pathogens, infectious organisms typically viruses found in human blood and body fluids.
  • The most concerning bloodborne pathogens for healthcare workers are Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  • Ebola virus and Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) are less prevalent in the US, but healthcare workers are at a higher risk for occupational EVD exposure compared to other professions.

OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard

  • This standard outlines requirements and recommendations for protecting workers from bloodborne pathogens.
  • Key components include:
    • Exposure Control Plan: Outlines procedures and protocols to minimize exposure risks.
    • Preventive Measures: Includes Hepatitis B vaccination and adherence to standard precautions.
    • Methods of Control: Consists of engineering and work practice controls, personal protective equipment, proper housekeeping, and accurate labeling.

Standard Precautions

  • Standard precautions are essential for protecting healthcare workers from bloodborne pathogens.
  • All blood and body fluids, even if not visibly bloody, should be treated as potentially infectious.
  • Guidelines apply to:
    • Blood
    • Body fluids
    • Secretions (except sweat)
    • Excretions
    • Non-intact skin
    • Mucous membranes

Methods of Control (Hierarchy)

  • Utilizing a hierarchy of controls effectively minimizes the risk of infection from exposure to bloodborne pathogens or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM).
  • The hierarchy prioritizes controls based on their effectiveness in preventing exposure:
    • Engineering controls: Devices isolating workers from hazards (e.g., self-sheathing needles, sharps disposal containers, biological safety cabinets, hand washing facilities).
    • Work practice controls: Guidelines for safe task performance (e.g., no eating, drinking, or applying cosmetics in areas with potential exposure).
    • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Used as a last line of defense (e.g., gloves, masks, gowns).

Sharps Safety

  • Sharps are objects capable of penetrating the skin (e.g., needles, scalpels, broken glass).
  • Proper handling and disposal of sharps is vital to prevent injury and potential infection.
  • Needleless systems and safety needles are commonly used in hospitals to minimize needle stick risks.
  • Sharps safety practices:
    • Dispose of all needles and sharps promptly in puncture-resistant containers.
    • Exercise extreme caution when handling scalpel blades.
    • Avoid recapping, bending, breaking, or removing needles from holders.

Exposure Incidents

  • Blood or potentially infectious body fluid direct contact with mucous membranes or non-intact skin constitutes an exposure incident.
  • Parenteral exposure occurs through skin punctures, cuts, or abrasions caused by needlesticks.
  • If an exposure occurs, immediately wash the affected area with soap and water and contact your supervisor.

Avoiding Exposure

  • Safe work practices are vital for preventing infection from bloodborne pathogens.
  • Always prioritize task performance minimizing exposure risks.
  • Utilize appropriate engineering controls and PPE.
  • If unsure of safe task execution methods, consult your supervisor.

Risk Groups & Biosafety Levels

  • Pathogens are classified by their risk group and designated as either Risk Group 1, 2, 3, or 4, with 4 being the highest.
  • Risk Group 1: Unlikely to cause human or animal disease.
  • Risk Group 2: Can cause human or animal disease, but unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers. Effective treatment and preventive measures are available.
  • Risk Group 3: Usually causes serious human or animal disease, but does not ordinarily spread from one infected individual to another. Effective treatment and preventive measures are available.
  • Risk Group 4: Usually causes serious human or animal disease and can be readily transmitted from one individual to another. Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually available.
  • Laboratory facilities are designated as Biosafety Levels 1-4, with 4 being the highest level of containment.
  • Most clinical laboratories operate at a BSL-2 level, and some will have a fully functional BSL-3 lab.
  • BSL-3 labs handle higher-risk work such as cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycology samples, or routine work with Risk Group 3 or 4 organisms.

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

  • The first step in selecting PPE is to determine the types of hazards that exist in the lab. Safety hazard analysis is essential.
  • Mandatory minimum PPE requirements include protective eye wear, lab coat, closed-toed shoes, and chemical resistant gloves (when working with hazardous substances).
  • Eye protection is required while working with chemicals, glassware, or a heating source, when dust or fumes are present, or when working with solid materials under stress.
  • Three basic types of eye and face protection are safety glasses, goggles, and face shields.
  • Safety glasses must have side shields and are worn whenever there is a possibility of objects striking the eye.
  • Goggles are worn when there is a high potential for splash from a hazardous material.
  • Face shields are used for larger volumes of hazardous materials, for protection from splash or flying particles.
  • Lab coats provide protection for skin and personal clothing from incidental contact. They help prevent the spread of contamination outside the lab and provide a removable barrier during a spill.

Hand Protection

  • Protective gloves should be worn when handling hazardous materials, chemicals of unknown toxicity, corrosive materials, rough or sharp-edged objects, and very hot or very cold materials.
  • Disposable latex, vinyl, or nitrile examination gloves are usually appropriate for most circumstances.
  • When working with chemicals with high acute toxicity, corrosives in high concentrations, or immersing all or part of a hand into a chemical, the appropriate glove material should be selected based on chemical compatibility.
  • Never reuse disposable gloves.
  • Always inspect PPE for damage and contamination prior to use.
  • Reusable PPE should be immediately cleaned after each use. Disposable items should only be used once.
  • Always assume PPE is contaminated and remove it prior to exiting the lab to prevent the spread of contamination.

Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

  • An SDS is divided into 16 sections with detailed information about a chemical.
  • Understanding manufacturer labels is essential. They include the product identifier, signal word, hazard statements, precautionary statements, supplier identification, and pictograms.

Bloodborne Pathogens

  • Bloodborne pathogens are infectious microorganisms in human blood that can cause disease in humans.
  • These include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  • Needlesticks and other sharps-related injuries may expose workers to bloodborne pathogens.
  • Workers in many occupations, including healthcare personnel, may be at risk for exposure to bloodborne pathogens.
  • To reduce or eliminate hazards of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens, employers must implement an exposure control plan.
  • The plan must describe how employers use engineering and work practice controls, personal protective clothing and equipment, employee training, medical surveillance, hepatitis B vaccinations, and other provisions as required by OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens Standard.

Bloodborne Pathogens

  • Exposure Risk: Healthcare workers are at risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens, which include Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  • Ebola Virus Disease (EVD): While the Ebola virus is less common in the United States, healthcare workers have a greater risk of occupational exposure than other professions.
  • Standard Precautions: The consistent use of standard precautions is crucial to protect healthcare workers from exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Standard precautions involve treating all blood and body fluids as potentially infectious, regardless of the patient's known status. This applies to:
    • Blood
    • Body fluids
    • Secretions (except sweat*)
    • Excretions
    • Non-intact skin
    • Mucous membranes
    • Note: Sweat is considered a potential transmitter of the Ebola virus.

Control Measures and Hierarchy

  • Exposure Control Plan: This is a key component of OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens Standard, outlining procedures to protect workers from exposure.
  • Hierarchy of Controls: Employ a hierarchy of controls to minimize risk:
    • Engineering controls: Devices that isolate workers from the hazard (examples: self-sheathing needles, sharps disposal containers, biological safety cabinets, hand washing facilities, splash shields).
    • Work practice controls: Specify how to perform tasks safely to minimize risk (examples: no eating or drinking, no handling contact lenses).
    • Personal protective equipment (PPE): Protective gear for individual use (examples: gloves, gowns, masks, eye protection).
    • Housekeeping: Maintaining a clean work environment is essential.
    • Labeling: Proper labeling of potentially infectious materials is crucial for identification.

Sharps Safety

  • Sharps: Any object that can penetrate the skin (examples: needles, scalpels, broken glass).
  • Handling and Disposal: Always handle and dispose of sharps properly using puncture-resistant sharps disposal containers. Avoid recapping, bending, shearing, or breaking needles.
  • Safety Devices: Most hospitals use needle safety devices that automatically cover the needle after use as soon as the task is completed.
  • Needleless Systems: Some intravenous lines have special adapters for blood withdrawal without needles.

Exposure Incident

  • Exposure Incident Definition: Occurs when blood or potentially infectious body fluid comes into direct contact with mucous membranes or non-intact skin.
  • Parenteral Exposure: Exposure through piercing the skin barrier through needlesticks, cuts, or abrasions.
  • If an Exposure Occurs:
    • Immediately wash the affected area with soap and water.
    • Contact your supervisor immediately.
    • Seek immediate evaluation and treatment as directed.
    • Confidentiality will be maintained, and blood testing will only be done with consent.

Avoiding Exposure

  • Safe Work Practices: Always consider how to perform tasks safely to minimize risk.
  • Engineering Controls and PPE: Use the appropriate engineering controls and PPE for each task.
  • Supervisor Consultation: Consult your supervisor if unsure about safe procedures for a task.

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Test your knowledge on the classification of pathogenic organisms based on risk groups and biosafety levels. This quiz covers the four risk groups, their associated dangers, and the corresponding biosafety measures required in laboratories. Perfect for students in microbiology or related fields.

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