Biosafety and Biosecurity

Biosafety

• The application of safety precautions that reduce a laboratories' risk of exposure to a potentially infectious microbe
• Controls the contamination of the work environment and the community
• Laboratory biosafety involves control principles, technologies, and practices
• Prevents accidental exposure to pathogens and toxins; like Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, or HIV
• Safety in the lab requires safe handling, storage, and disposal of specimens, chemicals, instruments, and radioactive components

Why Biosafety Is Important

• Laboratories must recognize hazards when processing infectious agents
• Guidelines are needed to protect workers in labs through engineering controls, management policies, and standard work practices

Laboratory Biosecurity

• Protects, controls, and accounts for valuable biological materials in laboratories
• Prevents unauthorized access, loss, theft, misuse, or intentional release

Laboratory Bio-risk Management

• A process to control safety and security risks
• Associated with the handling, storage, and disposal of biological agents and toxins in laboratories and facilities

Biohazard

• A biological agent that can produce deleterious effects on humans
• Includes microorganisms, toxins, and allergens derived from organisms, as well as allergens and toxins from higher plants and animals

Biosafety Levels (BSL)

• Often abbreviated as BSL, are a series of protections specific to autoclave-related activities in biological labs
• Individual safeguards designed to protect lab personnel, the surrounding environment, and community, ranked from 1 to 4
• Designated based on the agents or organism's laboratory personnel are researching or working on
• Defined based on risks related to containment, severity of infection, transmissibility, nature of work in the lab, origin of the microbe, the agent, and route of exposure

Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1)

• The lowest level, applying to agents that usually pose a minimal potential threat to laboratory workers and the environment
• Labs are not usually isolated from the general building like Bacillus subtilis, Naegleria gruberi, infection canine hepatitis virus, or E Coli

BSL-1 Requirements

• Laboratories must have doors and a sink for hand washing
• Work surfaces need to be easily cleaned
• Bench tops must be impervious to water, and the furniture needs to be sturdy
• Windows should be fitted with fly screens
• Needs adequate ventilation in the building

Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)

• Refers to to work containing agents associated with human disease or pathogenic/infectious organisms
• Poses a moderate hazard including agents like equine encephalitis viruses, HIV, and staphylococcus aureus (staph infections)

BSL-2 Requirements

• Labs need to have lockable doors and a sink for hand washing
• Work surfaces should be easily cleaned
• Bench tops must be impervious to water
• Sturdy furniture is necessary
• Biological safety cabinets should be installed as needed, with an eyewash station readily available
• Air should flow into the lab without re-circulation to non-lab areas
• Windows must be fitted with fly screens

Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3)

• For work with agents that may cause serious disease via aerosol transmission
• Common examples of microbes include yellow fever, West Nile virus, and the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (high risk)

BSL- 3 Requirements

• Requires a separate building or isolated zone with a double door entry
• Needs directional inward airflow, and single-pass air with 10-12 air changes per hour
• Vacuum lines must be protected with liquid disinfectant traps or HEPA Filters

Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4)

• Working with extremely dangerous and life-threatening diseases like the Ebola and Marburg viruses where infections are often fatal, and come without treatment or vaccines

BSl-4 Requirements

• Personnel must change clothing before entering and shower upon exiting
• All materials must be decontaminated before leaving
• Personnel must wear the PPE from lower BSL levels, as well as a full-body, air-supplied, positive pressure suit
• Needs access to a Class III biological safety cabinet

Primary Barriers

• PPE for lab workers like gloves, masks, goggles, aprons, suits, and special breathing apparatuses

Secondary Barriers

• Structural aspects of the laboratory that make the working environment safer against infection
• Include sinks for hand washing, special containment areas, special air ventilation patterns, & sterilization equipment

Hazardous Agents in Lab

• Agents withe potential to harm humans, animals, or the environment

Hazardous Agents Types

• Chemicals
• Physical hazards
• Electrical Hazards
• Biological Hazards

Biological Hazard

• Is a bacterium, virus, protozoan, parasite, fungus, or toxin
• Route of infection through the mouth, eyes, nose, or urogenital openings, or wounds/bites that breach the skin barrier

Control Measures of Biological Hazards

• Eliminate the hazard
• Substitute the hazard with a lesser risk
• Isolate the hazard
• Use engineering controls
• Use administrative controls
• Use personal protective equipment

Hierarchy of Control

• A step-by-step approach to lessening workplace hazards, controlling exposures to hazards in the workplace to protecting workers
• Control has five levels of actions: Elimination, Substitution, Engineering controls, Administrative controls & PPE

Spill Response

• Varies based on what was spilled, how much was spilled, where the spill occurred & what the release potential is
• Spills should be cleaned up immediately (unless an aerosol was generated), to ensure proper decontamination
• Ensure appropriate PPE is worn, & clean-up equipment is readily available

General Spill Clean-Up

• Cover spill area with absorbent material
• Soak the spill area with an appropriate disinfectant (i.e. 10% bleach)
• Pour disinfectant directing from the outside of the absorbent material towards the inside
• Ensure any broken glass is picked up (with forceps!) and placed in a sharps container
• Leave for 20 to 30 minutes
• Wipe up with absorbent material
• Dispose of waste in appropriate biohazard bags and where possible autoclaved

Decontamination

• Free of contamination with the destruction of microorganisms to a lower level so it to removes danger of infection to individuals

Sterilization

• The complete destruction of all viable microorganisms

Disinfection

• Use of agents (physical or chemical) to destroy harmful organisms on inanimate objects (not necessarily all organisms)

Physical Decontamination

• Includes Heat from autoclaving which is most practical and incineration for disposal of sharps and tissues
• Irradiation UV light at wavelength of 253 nm is germicidal
• Gamma disrupts DNA and RN
• Filtration uses HEPA

Hand Washing

• One of single effective means of stopping infections done properly and frequently
• Should be done Before starting any manipulations, before leaving the lab, when hands are obviously soiled, before and after completing any task in a BSC5, every time gloves are removed, before contact with one's face or mouth and at the end of the day.

Preventing Injury From Acupuncture With A Sharp

• Avoid use whenever possible & Use a Biological Safety Cabinets for all operations with infectious material
• Fill syringes carefully, shield needles when withdrawing from stoppers, and do not bend, shear or recap needles
• Dispose of all used needles/syringes in yellow sharps containers
• Never leave the syringe without a cover on the table by not returning the syringe cover via the one-handed scope method

Good Microbiological Techniques

• Do not eat or drink in the lab, or use the fridge for food
• Immediately report any accident or injury and do not panic
• Never conduct unauthorized experiments & Keep work places clean and free of unwanted materials: chemicals &biological samples
• Wear gloves, a lab coat, a mask, and glasses; tie hair and use closed shoes
• Do not touch, taste, or smell any chemicals or unlabeled bottles
• Use only known flammability, reactivity, toxicity materials, safe handling and emergency procedures
• Never pipette by mouth; use mechanical transfer devices
• Do not mix chemicals in the sink
• Flush chemicals splashed in eye(s) or skin with running water for at least 20 minutes, yell to teacher for attention
• Do not running in in the lab plus keep exits and passageways clear at all times
• Turn off gas, water before leaving & Wash your hands thoroughly before leaving the laboratory

Waste Management

• Discarded teaching clinic and research biomedical materials and operations
• Includes animal, biological laboratory, human anatomical sharps and human blood and body fluid wastes

Waste Procedures

• All biohazard waste needs decontamination prior to disposal, including level 1 agents
• Treated waste is no longer considered „biomedical or fluid waste and therefore is OK to dispose of the regular normal waste stream
• Any waste residue that cannot be treated or processed, has to stay biomedical until it’s incinerated off site

Treatment and Drainage

• Choices depend on the type of waste, its degree of risk and its quantity including Recycling and recovery
• Modifying chemical or physical properties with Incineration, pyrolysis, biological, chemotherapy, and physical treatment

Responsibility of Workplace Safety

• Spreading awareness among workers
• Training individuals before starting, teaching their safety and possible ways to prevent such events
• Controlling and Supervising the environment
• Provide required devices, like measuring devices for temperature and humidity
• Measuring work environment
• Following guidelines and regulations
• Forming an occupational safety committee
• Support safety programs
• Ensuring appropriate placements of safe individuals
• Determine specific individual's responbilities
• Prevent future accidents
• Assign adequate working timers

Medical Waste

• Medical might be a significant factor in any local disease, this is a general concern across the board
• Concerns an informal sector that revolves around components from disease, especially waste collectors and recycle operators
• Refers to solid, liquid clinical medical waste that comes from treatment of humans from tests, medicine and diagnosis
• Comprises of sharps, non-sharps, blood, body fluids, dressing, removed body tissues, medications and radioactive materials

Waste Disposal Methods

• It consists mainly Incineration, Autoclaving, Chemical Methods, Thermal treatment, and radiation
• Important to keep waste safe, public and completely free in public areas
• Waste can go to landfill and it’s important to not dispose of human tissue or cultures

Introduction to Phlebotomy

• Blood collection, also know as collecting a specimen, a blood sample used for lab testing,
• Is collected in any sort of laboratory or medical area for lab testing

Phlebotomy

• A procedure to take blood samples; Puncturing the vein to collect blood to test it,
• Also referred to as venipuncture

Phlebotomist Education

• Train on the job, so important to ensure a spot in a training program for phlebotomy,
• They’re the ones who carry out theory and procedure for patients; Including children and elderly,
• Learn how to draw blood and identify which way to go,
• Learn the necessary safety and health procedures.
• Learn human phisology for sample collection and analysis

Supplies for Phlebotomy:

• Latex free gloves
• Needle storage
• Antiseptic cleaners, like alc wipes
• Tourniquets
• Necessary specimen tubes
• 2 x 2 gauze
• Evacuation tubes
• Collection needles

Prepping a Venipuncture

• Collect supplies for listing
• Describe procedures so patient is aware and ask to confirm the tests that you’re going to be drawing,
• Use commission to identify the patient and confirm the tests,
• Grab tubes for the test to draw, confirm tubes are labeled,
• Sanitize your mitts
• Place arm on an arm/drawing board
• Place turniqute 3 to 4 inches above the access site.
• Clench the fist
• Pick a vain
• Ask the patient to release the tourniquet while pointing to the vain
• Wipe the the site of the patient and add another tourniquet, make sure their clinched
• Ensure the top is out
• Anchor the tube
• Insert the vein
• Watch that the blood collects in tube, if it doesn’t occur, change the position
• Have the patient release
• Gather right tubes
• Set gauze apply pressure
• Throw all disposables
• Labtest for testing

Veins for Phlebotomy

• The median cubital vein: common for the procedure; Located on the cubical location
• Cephalic vein: Shows the the Forearm, and is proximitaly emptited to the axillary.
• Basin vein: Shows the location from brachial

Phlebotomy Issues

• Reposition needle if there isn’t any blood, and push forward
• If there isn’t enough blood, loosen the tight turniquet

Steps for results (Process)

• Analytical: Gathering, extracting and preperation: Prepare blood the for the lab setting for treatment and analysis
• Analysis
• Analytical Assessment: Test such as: Precision accuracy or Specificity or analytical Sensitivity

No Blood Return

• Ensure that another phlebotomist assist with your patient, ensure they can give a sample

Blood

• Gather it at the same time of day especially when checking results
• Make sure the last food take is around 6 pm and 7 pm
• Take the sample in a drug-free interval, prior the does of medication, during the collection, do a supine procedure

Blood Types

• Vanous bloods: Easy to collect, free complications takes in super vision. Another location can be fumerol area

Arterial Blood

• Can measure and arterialize the blood
• Not easy to do then vanous test
• Usually femoral area is used but it could be dangerous

Cap

• Used group of patterns, most amount is required
• Done with infants also the the heal is used

Blood for infants

• The popular way to collect from infants and children is the Dermel
• The most preferred would is the dermal, use the smaller collection tubes called bullet tubes
• Hold the baby or infant at a comfortable distance

Sample

• Important to labeled test, there are: Surname, Patient ID, Form which is a need, add date on which test was taken and the test.
• Automoated test do have codes for each test

Vacumm testing

• The vacumm tube if made of glass can do testing, however the venous, has to add the the needle
• To check if it’s Hemongard, there are additives

Tubes for Blood test

• Add serum test in chemistry: Add the activator to clotting
• Plasm test in chem: to invert the sample
• serum to see if it is chem or serology test
• STAT : Serum to see the clotting times with the tests
• tests for toxicology

Transffering

• Do not switch sample as results will become inaccurate

Common states in blood test

• Is turbid : can mess up the results especially if the sample is off
• Is Hemolysis : It can mess up results

Hem

• The issue will be preanlayctial, membrane can hurt it if high volume blood flow through
• Can be aspirating after the a incautious blood punturet

Hem causes what

• Increase potassium levels, and an increae in ALT ast phosphatase

Capillary and Vernous

• Is not 100% the dame due the the nature
• One major point is Capillary blood is higher than the vernous in HB, Volume cells, Redcell counts

Specimen Storage

• Samples can store if we want direct analytics
• Storing samples is a way to see changes

Preanyalitical Phase

• variable
• Fasting/Diet
• Gender and hereditary Factors
• Post Analytical
• Reporting
• What specimen and time tested

Tourniquet

• Hemocontraction of what’s filtered
• Too much total protein causes ast and cholestotl

Lab testing for blood

• Coated : Venipuncture
• Serum : allows for easy clotting.
• Plasm : The blood
• Cap Stick : Can to in Children that can’t have the vein-punt.

Common Labs

• Fitter,
• Saturated results
• Bad usage

ESR

• Tests is common that checks the anemic in blood,

Preciable

• Veins blood vertical
• After hours is time which results can be taken

Westergen

• Way to identify and take results or measurements
• For it it is best to to use EDTA and do well-mixed
• It has to come from the vein also, has to do what 2.5 diameter.
• Best taken it is in from 0 to to 200 (Best results)
• Make sure to apply and fill the solution
• For accurate, be sure to add the right amount and put it back

WintRobes V Methods

• Mix the blood to make results accurate and apply solution correctly.

Values that show

• Must be set at 20 and 5
• The correct way to do it has to be correct and the blood flow has to be right
• The tube has ti apply to a 0 and must be at correct room time

Rh Blood

• Rh is a factor to the blood tests
• Positive : have the antigen and the blood results which have a well structured result
• Negative does the best results.

Biosafety involves safety precautions to reduce the risk of exposure to infectious microbes in laboratories. It controls contamination and prevents accidental exposure to pathogens and toxins. Laboratory biosecurity protects biological materials, preventing unauthorized access and misuse.