BIOS 3300 Protists and Eukarya Overview

Study Notes

Protists are classified under the domain Eukarya, which signifies complex cellular structure.
The common ancestor of all protists can be traced back to early eukaryotes.

The tree of life segments into various clades, illustrating evolutionary relationships.
Vertebrates are part of the broader category of Deuterostomes, characterized by their embryonic development.
Within animals, Opisthokonts include groups such as fungi and certain protists.

Sarcopterygii are lobe-finned fishes leading to the evolution of Tetrapoda, which includes four-limbed animals.
Amniota refers to a group capable of laying eggs on land, further divided into:
- Reptilia: Includes birds (Aves), crocodilians (Crocodylia), turtles (Testudines), and lizards/snakes.
- Great Apes: Encompasses modern humans (Homo sapiens), chimpanzees, and the duck-billed platypus.
Mammalia branches from Tetrapoda, leading to various classes including amphibians and lungfish.

Protostomes include diverse organisms like echinoderms, octopuses, and sponges.
Fungi and various Protists are incorporated into the broader animal tree.

Angiosperms (flowering plants) and Gymnosperms (naked-seed plants) evolved from earlier plant lineages.
Green plants date back to green algae, divided into Stoneworts and Chlorophytes.
Other algal groups include red algae and several protist categories, including Rhizaria and Discoba.

Archaea are subdivided into categories like Asgard and DPANN, highlighting their genetic diversity.
Proteobacteria, a major phylum in bacteria, includes cyanobacteria, the oxygen-producing bacteria crucial for life on Earth.

Knowledge of taxonomic relationships helps understand the evolutionary history and classifications of various life forms.
The tree illustrates layers of evolutionary development, emphasizing the complexity and interconnections of terrestrial and marine life.

Protists are classified under the domain Eukarya, which signifies complex cellular structure.
The common ancestor of all protists can be traced back to early eukaryotes.

The tree of life segments into various clades, illustrating evolutionary relationships.
Vertebrates are part of the broader category of Deuterostomes, characterized by their embryonic development.
Within animals, Opisthokonts include groups such as fungi and certain protists.

Sarcopterygii are lobe-finned fishes leading to the evolution of Tetrapoda, which includes four-limbed animals.
Amniota refers to a group capable of laying eggs on land, further divided into:
- Reptilia: Includes birds (Aves), crocodilians (Crocodylia), turtles (Testudines), and lizards/snakes.
- Great Apes: Encompasses modern humans (Homo sapiens), chimpanzees, and the duck-billed platypus.
Mammalia branches from Tetrapoda, leading to various classes including amphibians and lungfish.

Protostomes include diverse organisms like echinoderms, octopuses, and sponges.
Fungi and various Protists are incorporated into the broader animal tree.

Angiosperms (flowering plants) and Gymnosperms (naked-seed plants) evolved from earlier plant lineages.
Green plants date back to green algae, divided into Stoneworts and Chlorophytes.
Other algal groups include red algae and several protist categories, including Rhizaria and Discoba.

Archaea are subdivided into categories like Asgard and DPANN, highlighting their genetic diversity.
Proteobacteria, a major phylum in bacteria, includes cyanobacteria, the oxygen-producing bacteria crucial for life on Earth.

Knowledge of taxonomic relationships helps understand the evolutionary history and classifications of various life forms.
The tree illustrates layers of evolutionary development, emphasizing the complexity and interconnections of terrestrial and marine life.