Bioquímica Médica: Metabolismo y ATP
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

¿Cuál es la función principal de la cadena respiratoria?

  • Transporte de agua
  • Síntesis de grasas
  • Producción de energía celular (correct)
  • Producción de aminoácidos

¿Cuál de los siguientes equivalentes se convierte en ATP a través de la cadena transportadora de electrones?

  • NADPH
  • NADH (correct)
  • FADH₂ (correct)
  • ATP

¿Dónde se localizan los complejos enzimáticos de la cadena respiratoria?

  • En el núcleo celular
  • En la membrana externa mitocondrial
  • En el citoplasma celular
  • En la membrana interna mitocondrial (correct)

¿Cuál es el aceptador final de electrones en la cadena respiratoria?

<p>Oxígeno (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de las siguientes vías metabólicas produce equivalentes de reducción?

<p>Ciclo de Krebs (A), Beta oxidación (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué ocurre durante el bombeo de protones en la cadena respiratoria?

<p>Se genera un gradiente electroquímico (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué compuesto actúa como coenzima en el Complejo I de la cadena respiratoria?

<p>Coenzima Q (CoQ) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es la finalidad de regenerar coenzimas en la cadena respiratoria?

<p>Facilitar el transporte de electrones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es el principal papel del ATP en las células?

<p>Servir como moneda energética (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué caracteriza al catabolismo en comparación con el anabolismo?

<p>Libera energía en forma de ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es la función principal del hierro en el citocromo oxidasa?

<p>Captar y transferir electrones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cómo se define la fosforilación a nivel de sustrato?

<p>Transferencia directa de un grupo fosfato sin enzimas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué tipo de metales son esenciales para el funcionamiento del citocromo oxidasa?

<p>Hierro y cobre (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Los equivalentes de reducción son necesarios en el metabolismo porque:

<p>Son portadores de electrones en reacciones redox (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cómo se acoplan el ciclo de Krebs y la cadena respiratoria?

<p>A través de la transferencia de electrones generados por NADH y FADH2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué ocurre durante la fosforilación oxidativa?

<p>Se transfieren electrones al oxígeno molecular (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

En el metabolismo celular, ¿cuál es la principal diferencia entre el proceso exergónico y el endergónico?

<p>El primero libera energía, el segundo la consume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es el aceptor final de electrones en la cadena de transporte de electrones?

<p>Oxígeno (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuántas moléculas de ATP se generan por cada NADH en la fosforilación oxidativa?

<p>3 moléculas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué función tienen los compuestos NADH y FADH en el metabolismo?

<p>Sirven como equivalentes de reducción (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Los productos finales de la glucólisis incluyen:

<p>Piruvato y NADH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué sucede con los electrones en la cadena de transporte de electrones?

<p>Se transfieren hasta el oxígeno (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de las siguientes deshidrogenaciones es parte del ciclo de Krebs que contribuye al acoplamiento con la cadena respiratoria?

<p>De α-cetoglutarato a succinil CoA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué grupo prostético en el citocromo oxidasa contiene hierro?

<p>Hemo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es la función principal del complejo I en la cadena de transporte de electrones?

<p>Dona electrones del NADH, generando energía y bombeando protones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué ocurre en el complejo IV de la cadena de transporte de electrones?

<p>El oxígeno se reduce a agua al recibir electrones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es el papel del gradiente de protones en el proceso de síntesis de ATP?

<p>Permite que protons regresen a través de la ATP sintasa para producir ATP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué tipo de reacción cataliza el complejo IV?

<p>Oxidación del citocromo c reducido y reducción del oxígeno a agua. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué facilitadores se encuentran en el complejo de la citocromo oxidasa?

<p>Iones de cobre (Cu+). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de los siguientes inhibidores afecta la acción del complejo IV?

<p>Monóxido de carbono. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué función tiene la coenzima Q en la cadena de transporte de electrones?

<p>Recibe electrones del FADH2 y los transfiere al complejo III. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es la consecuencia de la acción de inhibidores como el cianuro en la respiración celular?

<p>Previene la transferencia de electrones al oxígeno, causando envenenamiento. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué efecto tiene la rotenona sobre el transporte de electrones en la cadena respiratoria?

<p>Inhibe el flujo de electrones en el complejo I. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es la principal diferencia entre NADH y FADH2 en la cadena respiratoria?

<p>NADH permite el bombeo de más protones que FADH2. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué caracteriza a los desacopladores en la cadena respiratoria?

<p>Permiten el paso de protones sin generar ATP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cómo se distingue un inhibidor de un desacoplador en la cadena respiratoria?

<p>Los desacopladores bloquean el flujo de electrones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es el ingreso de electrones en la cadena respiratoria para el NADH?

<p>Complejo I. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué cantidad de protones es bombeada por NADH en la cadena respiratoria?

<p>10 protones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué resultado produce el ingreso de FADH2 a la cadena respiratoria?

<p>Bombeo de 2 protones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuántos ATP se generan a partir de un ingreso de FADH2?

<p>1.5 ATP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es el principal efecto del cianuro en la respiración celular?

<p>Inhibe la citocromo oxidasa y bloquea la cadena transportadora de electrones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué consecuencia tiene la intoxicación por cianuro en la utilización del oxígeno por las células?

<p>Condiciona la saturación de oxígeno en la sangre arterial y venosa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de los siguientes no es un síntoma de intoxicación por cianuro?

<p>Hipertensión arterial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué provoca una acidosis metabólica en caso de intoxicación por cianuro?

<p>Un aumento de ácido láctico debido al metabolismo anaeróbico (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

El cianuro actúa de manera irreversible sobre la citocromo oxidasa. ¿Cuál es el resultado de esto?

<p>Bloquea permanentemente la cadena transportadora de electrones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué describe mejor la relación entre cianuro y glucosa durante la intoxicación?

<p>Las células metabolizan la glucosa anaeróficamente generando ácido láctico (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de los siguientes efectos tiene el cianuro en el sistema respiratorio?

<p>Provoca disnea o dificultad para respirar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué efecto tiene el cianuro sobre las pupilas en un caso de intoxicación?

<p>Provoca dilatación de las pupilas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, a small molecule that is the primary energy currency of cells.

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A process where a phosphate group is directly transferred from a high-energy substrate to a molecule, without an enzyme.

Oxidative phosphorylation

Transfer of electrons from reduced molecules (NADH, FADH2) to oxygen, coupled with ATP synthesis.

Catabolism

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy (ATP).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anabolism

The building of complex molecules from simpler ones, using energy (ATP).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reducing equivalents

Compounds that carry electrons in biochemical reactions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cellular respiration stages

Process that breaks down glucose to produce ATP.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Energy currency

Molecule that stores and releases energy within cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Equivalents of Reduction

Molecules that carry electrons and are essential for energy transfer and metabolic reactions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NADH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced, an important electron carrier.

Signup and view all the flashcards

FADH₂

Flavin adenine dinucleotide reduced, an electron carrier also involved in ATP production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NADPH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced, involved in various metabolic pathways.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cellular Respiration

A process that breaks down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to oxygen, producing ATP.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ATP Production

The process of generating ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of the cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner membrane of mitochondria, where the electron transport chain takes place.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that moves electrons, generating a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Complex I

The first complex in the ETC, accepting electrons from NADH and pumping protons across the membrane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Complex IV (Cytochrome c Oxidase)

The terminal complex in the ETC, transferring electrons to oxygen, forming water, and pumping protons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Proton Gradient

A difference in proton concentration across the inner mitochondrial membrane, driving ATP synthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ATP Synthase

Enzyme that uses the proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The process of ATP synthesis coupled to electron transport.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytochrome c Oxidase Inhibitors

Substances that block Cytochrome c Oxidase, preventing the final step of respiration and causing poisoning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electron Carriers

Molecules that transport electrons between complexes in the electron transport chain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytochrome oxidase

An enzyme essential for the electron transport chain, utilizing heme and copper prosthetic groups to transfer electrons and reduce oxygen to water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prosthetic groups

Non-protein molecules bound to proteins, crucial for their function, often containing metals like iron and copper.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electron transfer

Movement of electrons between molecules, often releasing energy used to create an electrochemical gradient.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Krebs Cycle

Metabolic pathway producing NADH and FADH2, molecules that carry electrons to the electron transport chain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electron Transport Chain

A series of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to generate an electrochemical gradient used to produce ATP.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Process that couples the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 down an electron transport chain to create a proton gradient, which then generates ATP.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ATP synthesis

Production of ATP, the energy currency of the cell, driven by energy released from the electron transport chain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Coenzyme Q

A mobile electron carrier in the electron transport chain in mitochondria, facilitating electron transport.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rotenone effect on ETC

Rotenone inhibits complex I in the electron transport chain, blocking electron flow and ATP production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oligomycin effect on ATP Synthase

Oligomycin inhibits ATP synthase, blocking ATP production, but not electron transport itself.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NADH vs FADH2 P/O ratio

NADH enters the ETC at complex I, pumping more protons, resulting in a higher P/O ratio (2.5 ATP per NADH) than FADH2 (1.5 ATP per FADH2), which enters at complex II.

Signup and view all the flashcards

P/O ratio

Proportion of ATP synthesized per oxygen molecule reduced in the electron transport chain (ETC).

Signup and view all the flashcards

ETC Inhibitors

Compounds that block electron flow in the electron transport chain, preventing ATP synthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ETC Uncouplers

Agents that allow protons to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane without using ATP synthase, releasing energy as heat.

Signup and view all the flashcards

F1 subunit conformation changes

Changes in F1 subunit conformation enable ADP and Pi binding, and subsequent ATP release in ATP synthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electron Transport Chain

Series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons and generate ATP.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cyanide poisoning effect

Cyanide blocks cytochrome oxidase, a key enzyme in cellular respiration, preventing the use of oxygen, thus inhibiting ATP production, forcing the cell to use anaerobic metabolism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cyanide's effect on respiration

Cyanide disables the electron transport chain halting oxidative phosphorylation and causing an energy crisis for the cells, which switch to anaerobic metabolism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anaerobic Metabolism

Metabolic processes that occur in the absence of oxygen, generating ATP via less efficient pathways like lactic acid fermentation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cyanide Symptoms

Rapidly progressing signs of poisoning, including difficulty breathing, confusion, nausea, vomiting, seizures, pale skin, cyanosis, rapid heartbeat, and dilated pupils and loss of consciousness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytochrome Oxidase

Enzyme in the electron transport chain that catalyzes the final step of respiration, transferring electrons to oxygen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cellular Respiration

The process of breaking down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP, with oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hipoxia

Insufficient oxygen supply to cells, leading to cellular stress, due to blocked oxygen delivery to tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cyanide Blockage

Cyanide specifically blocks cytochrome oxidase in the electron transport chain, leading to the cessation of the oxidative phosphorylation process.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

General Information

  • Course: Bioquímica Médica
  • Group: 1A
  • Cycle: II 2024
  • University: Universidad Salvadoreña "Alberto Masferrer"
  • Professor: Lida. Leonor del Carmen Orantes Alvarenga
  • Topic: Metabolism (discussions #4 "The Last Supper")
  • Block 1, Mesa #2

ATP as the Cellular Energy Currency

  • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a small molecule but essential in cells as the energy currency
  • Cellular reactions are powered by energy released from ATP hydrolysis (breakdown)
  • ATP is comparable to the economic currency in societies

Types of Phosphorylation

  • Substrate-level phosphorylation: Direct transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy substrate to ADP, no enzyme involved.
  • Oxidative phosphorylation: Transfer of electrons from reduced co-enzymes (NADH, FADH2) to oxygen, coupled to ATP synthesis.

Metabolism: Catabolism and Anabolism

  • Catabolism: Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy (ATP).
  • Anabolism: Building of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy (ATP).
  • Catabolism is the degradative phase of metabolism and anabolism is constructive
  • Anabolism and catabolism are two interdependent phases of metabolism. Both are important for cellular activities.

Metabolic Pathways

  • Mentioned in the slides for further study:
    • Glycolysis
    • Beta-oxidation
    • Krebs cycle

Co-enzymes as Electron Carriers

  • Coenzyme NADH, FADH2, NADPH are essential. Mentioned in slides for further study.
  • These carry electrons during metabolic processes and are critical for energy transfer.

Cellular Respiration and ATP Synthesis

  • The electron transport chain is a critical part of cellular respiration
  • Protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane facilitate this chain.

Biological Importance of Cytochrome Oxidase

  • Cytochrome oxidase is vital for cellular respiration and plays a crucial role in the final electron transfer step
  • Its function in transferring electrons to oxygen is vital for the production of water
  • Metal components, notably iron centers, facilitate electron transport.

Inhibitors of Cellular Respiration

  • Rotenone, Antimicin A, Cyanide are inhibitors of specific steps, preventing ATP production.
  • They interrupt electron flow and decrease ATP generation during cellular respiration.
  • Discussed as specific enzyme antagonists in presentations.

Theories of Oxidative Phosphorylation

  • The chemiosmotic theory of oxidative phosphorylation explains ATP formation
  • Energy harvested from electron transfer creates a proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes
  • Proton flow drives ATP synthesis using an enzyme (ATP synthase).

Components of ATP Synthase

  • The structure and function of ATP synthase
  • Importance of the flow of protons to produce ATP

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Discusión #4: "La Última Cena" - Bioquímica Médica-Grupo 1A - Ciclo II 2024 PDF

Description

Este cuestionario explora el metabolismo celular, centrándose en el papel del ATP como la moneda energética de las células. Además, se discutirá la fosforilación y las diferencias entre el catabolismo y el anabolismo. Prepárate para profundizar en estos conceptos clave de la bioquímica médica.

More Like This

Quiz sur le métabolisme énergétique
38 questions

Quiz métabolisme : couplage chimio-osmotique et énergétique

LovingChalcedony avatar
LovingChalcedony
Mitochondrial Functions and ATP Production
36 questions

Mitochondrial Functions and ATP Production

RetractableTachisme avatar
RetractableTachisme
Cellular Respiration and Energy Metabolism
16 questions

Cellular Respiration and Energy Metabolism

AttentiveNurture avatar
AttentiveNurture
Human Cell Energy Production Quiz
50 questions

Human Cell Energy Production Quiz

InvulnerableConsciousness5238 avatar
InvulnerableConsciousness5238
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser