Biopsychology of Adolescence Overview

Introduction to the Biopsychology of Adolescence

• Childhood in humans is longer than other species, with adolescence a unique human trait. Unlike other primates, dispersal from the natal group happens after puberty in humans, a key difference.
• Human adolescence is distinct in Westernized cultures; individuals reach sexual maturity but aren't prepared for independence and adult roles. This prolonged dependence leads to family tension as parents try to control their teens' behavior, especially related to sex.
• Complete reproductive maturity typically isn't achieved until after 18. Physical and psychological costs can arise if young people become parents before full maturation.

Domains of Maturation

• Physical (Chapters 1 & 2): Growth spurts, changes in body composition (fat/muscle), maturation of reproductive organs, voice changes, and increased body hair/skin oil are key milestones.
• Emotional (Chapters 4 & 5): Development of attachment to peers, enhanced empathy and perspective-taking are crucial. Maturing dominance systems, gender identity, and sexual orientation become important.
• Cognitive (Chapter 3): Abstract and advanced reasoning capacities, executive functions, and emotional regulation are key.
• Identity and social (Chapters 5 & 6): Self-awareness, personal narratives/life stories, increased self-concept, conscience, and changes in relationships with peers and family are core components of identity development. Preparation for career paths is part of increasing independence.

Puberty and Adolescence

• Puberty is the brain's signal to the gonads to mature sexually; initiating adolescence.
• Adolescence is a period spanning from puberty to the achievement of developmental milestones in physical, emotional, cognitive, and social spheres.
• The term "adolescence" originated in the 15th century from the Latin "adolescere," meaning "to ripen."
• G. Stanley Hall, the first president of the American Psychological Association, significantly popularized and researched concepts related to adolescence in the 20th century.

Rites of Passage

• Societies use rites of passage (rituals) to mark transition from childhood to adulthood. Examples discussed include Bar/Bat Mitzvah, Quinceañera, Rumspringa, Sweet 16 Celebrations, Senior Prom, and Seijin-no-Hi.
• These rituals often involve a ceremony or ritual of some sort that creates new social identities.
• Rites can change social identities and help prepare individuals for their adult roles and status.

Polygyny, Warfare, and Rites of Passage: Boys

• Societies that practice polygyny (one man with multiple wives) often have costly rites of passage for boys, often involving physical and psychological ordeals.
• Such rigorous rites can strengthen group bonding among young males and foster commitment.
• Research suggests a correlation between costly rites of passage and the frequency of warfare in pre-state societies.

Female Genital Mutilation

• Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a costly rite of passage with no medical benefits. It involves the partial or total removal of external female genitalia, resulting in potential health and psychological consequences.
• FGM is common in certain regions of the world.

Homelessness and Trafficking of Adolescents in the US

• The Runaway and Homeless Youth Act identifies factors like leaving the foster care system, family conflict, school problems, and pregnancy can contribute to youth homelessness.
• Homeless youth and adolescents face significant challenges, and exploitation, and can become victims of sex trafficking.