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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the role of the amygdala in the limbic system?
Which of the following best describes the role of the amygdala in the limbic system?
- Coordinating movement and balance.
- Regulating body temperature and circadian rhythms.
- Forming new long-term memories.
- Processing and regulating emotions, particularly fear and aggression. (correct)
During an action potential, what event is most directly responsible for the repolarization of the neuron back to its resting membrane potential?
During an action potential, what event is most directly responsible for the repolarization of the neuron back to its resting membrane potential?
- The activity of the sodium-potassium pump, restoring ion gradients.
- Influx of sodium ions ($Na^+$) through voltage-gated channels.
- Opening of ligand-gated chloride ($Cl^−$) channels.
- Efflux of potassium ions ($K^+$) through voltage-gated channels. (correct)
Long-term potentiation (LTP) involves the strengthening of synaptic connections. Which of the following molecular mechanisms is most directly associated with LTP?
Long-term potentiation (LTP) involves the strengthening of synaptic connections. Which of the following molecular mechanisms is most directly associated with LTP?
- Reduced activity of NMDA receptors.
- Increased insertion of AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane. (correct)
- Increased removal of AMPA receptors from the postsynaptic membrane.
- Decreased release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron.
Patient H.M. suffered from profound anterograde amnesia after the removal of his medial temporal lobes. Which specific type of memory was most significantly impaired?
Patient H.M. suffered from profound anterograde amnesia after the removal of his medial temporal lobes. Which specific type of memory was most significantly impaired?
In the visual pathway, what is the correct order of structures that light passes through after entering the eye?
In the visual pathway, what is the correct order of structures that light passes through after entering the eye?
According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, what is the primary function of the arcuate fasciculus?
According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, what is the primary function of the arcuate fasciculus?
Which of the following is an example of a drug that acts as an agonist, and what is its primary effect?
Which of the following is an example of a drug that acts as an agonist, and what is its primary effect?
Drug tolerance often develops with repeated exposure to a substance. Which of the following neurobiological mechanisms contributes significantly to the development of tolerance?
Drug tolerance often develops with repeated exposure to a substance. Which of the following neurobiological mechanisms contributes significantly to the development of tolerance?
Which of the following best describes the impact of schizophrenia on neurotransmitter systems in the brain?
Which of the following best describes the impact of schizophrenia on neurotransmitter systems in the brain?
What is a key difference between rods and cones in the retina?
What is a key difference between rods and cones in the retina?
Flashcards
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Located at the back of the brain, it coordinates movement and balance.
Thalamus
Thalamus
Relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex; regulates consciousness, sleep, and alertness.
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep-wake cycles, and hormone release.
Corpus Callosum
Corpus Callosum
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Cingulate Cortex
Cingulate Cortex
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Occipital Lobe
Occipital Lobe
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Temporal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
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Parietal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
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Frontal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
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Postcentral Gyrus
Postcentral Gyrus
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Study Notes
- Biopsychology Final Exam Study Guide covers neuroanatomy, neural activity, learning and memory, vision, language, drugs, and disorders.
Format
- Exams involve labeling images, fill in the blank questions, short answers, and correcting statements.
Neuroanatomy Structures to Identify
- Cerebellum and its basic function
- Pons
- Thalamus and its basic function
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
- Corpus callosum and its basic function
- Cingulate cortex
- Occipital, temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes including their basic functions
- Central fissure
- Precentral gyrus and its basic function
- Postcentral gyrus and its basic function
- Lateral and longitudinal fissures
- Superior temporal gyrus
- Tail and head of caudate nucleus
- Basal ganglia
- Limbic system
- Hippocampus and its basic function (including a frontal plane view)
- Amygdala and its basic function
- Superior and inferior colliculus
- Optic chiasm
- Fornix
- Lateral and third ventricles
- Soma
- Dendrites and their function
- Axon initial segment and its function
- Axon and its function
- Myelin and its function
- Terminal buttons and their function
- Synaptic cleft
Neural Activity
- Neural activity involves electrical and chemical communication processes in an action potential.
- Key components include presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons, excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
- Other factors are electrical charge/voltage, voltage-gated ion channels, terminal buttons, synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters, receptors (ionotropic and metabotropic), and reuptake/recycling.
- It incorporates the axon initial segment, threshold of excitation, action potential, and the all-or-nothing principle.
Learning and Memory
- Learning and memory involves electrical and chemical communication processes in Long Term Potentiation.
- Related to presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons, magnesium, calcium, and sodium ions.
- Involves excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), NMDA and AMPA receptors, glutamate, efficiency, synapse, and learning.
H.M. Case Study
- Exam questions include the area of the brain was removed in H.M.
- Types of memory were impaired in the patient H.M.
- Types of memory were not impaired
- Tests were performed to measure memory performance of each type of memory
Vision Structures to Identify
- Cornea
- Lens
- Pupil
- Iris
- Fovea
- Blind Spot
- Retina
- Photoreceptors (rods and cones)
- Retinal ganglion cells
- Optic nerve
- Optic chiasm
- Optic tract
- Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
- Primary visual cortex
- Inferotemporal cortex
- Posterior parietal cortex
- The order that visual information travels
Language Areas to Identify
- Broca's area
- Wernicke's area
- Primary auditory cortex
- Primary motor cortex
- Angular gyrus
- Arcuate fasciculus
- Primary visual cortex
- Use the Wernicke-Geschwind Model for reading out loud and for listening and responding in a conversation.
- Language in right-handed people is primarily processed in the left hemisphere of the brain.
Aphasia
- Describe the symptoms in the speech of a patient with Broca’s aphasia.
- What function(s) are most impacted?
- What function(s) are not significantly impacted?
- Describe the symptoms in the speech of a patient with Wernicke's aphasia.
- What function(s) are most impacted?
- What function(s) are not significantly impacted?
- Understand how the symptoms of aphasia patients help neuroscientists understand typical language functioning.
Drugs
- Agonists are drugs that influence neurotransmitters.
- Antagonists are drugs that influence neurotransmitters.
- Tolerance involves changes in synapses after repeated drug exposure, relating to drug tolerance.
- Drug users are more likely to die from an overdose when they use the drug in a new environment or context.
- Withdrawal is defined and its effect relates to the effect of the drug.
Disorders
- The class covers disorders like schizophrenia, depressive disorders, bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, and Tourette's disorder.
- List the diagnostic criteria for a chosen disorder.
- Name a drug used to treat the disorder and explain how it impacts neurotransmitter levels.
- Explain a theory on neural mechanisms of the disorder and the evidence and critiques of the theory.
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