Biopsychology as a Neuroscience
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Questions and Answers

What does fMRI stand for?

  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Interpretation
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Information
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (correct)
  • Fourier Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • How does fMRI help scientists understand brain activity?

  • By detecting changes in brain temperature
  • By measuring changes in blood flow in the brain (correct)
  • By tracking electrical signals in the brain
  • By measuring changes in brain pressure
  • What type of information can fMRI provide about the brain?

  • The size and shape of different brain regions
  • The location and activity of specific brain areas during tasks (correct)
  • The cause of neurological disorders
  • The speed of neural transmission
  • What does an activation map produced by fMRI show?

    <p>The intensity of neural activity in each brain region (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential limitation of fMRI?

    <p>It is a very expensive and time-consuming technique (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the diencephalon?

    <p>Between the telencephalon and the midbrain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main structures within the diencephalon?

    <p>Thalamus and Hypothalamus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue primarily constitutes the thalamus?

    <p>Grey matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the diencephalon is the thalamus located?

    <p>Dorsal part (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thalamus?

    <p>Relaying sensory information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition the patient is experiencing?

    <p>Asomatognosia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of asomatognosia?

    <p>Hallucinations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the patient's likely response to the lack of awareness of their leg?

    <p>They might experience anxiety and panic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the part of the brain that controls body awareness?

    <p>Integrating sensory information about the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the innermost meningeal membrane?

    <p>Pia mater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater called?

    <p>Subarachnoid cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebrospinal fluid found within the subarachnoid cavity?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the arachnoid mater?

    <p>It is directly attached to the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes how the pia mater differs from the other meninges?

    <p>It is directly attached to the brain and spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a location where acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter?

    <p>Synapses in the peripheral nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Stimulating muscle contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of acetylcholine in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Acetylcholine can act as both an excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system, depending on the specific synapse. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following brain regions is NOT known to utilize acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter?

    <p>Spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a potential consequence of acetylcholine deficiency at the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Muscle weakness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key aspect of comparative psychology?

    <p>Examining the evolutionary basis of behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used in comparative psychology?

    <p>The comparative method (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does comparative psychology contribute to our understanding of human behavior?

    <p>By providing a framework for understanding the origins of human emotions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical area of focus in comparative psychology?

    <p>Cultural conditioning of behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does comparative psychology employ the comparative method?

    <p>By comparing the behavior of different species to understand evolutionary relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    fMRI

    A brain imaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.

    Activation Maps

    Visual representations indicating areas of the brain activated during specific tasks or mental processes.

    Brain Activity

    The dynamic process involving neurons firing and communicating during mental tasks.

    Mental Process

    Cognitive operations like thinking, memory, and decision-making that involve brain function.

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    Blood Flow in fMRI

    Change in blood circulation corresponding to increased brain activity, detected by fMRI.

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    Comparative Psychology

    The study of behavior evolution, genetics, and adaptability using comparisons across species.

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    Evolution

    The process through which species change over time through adaptation and selection.

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    Adaptiveness of Behavior

    The ability of behavior to increase an organism's chances of survival and reproduction.

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    Comparative Method

    A research strategy that involves comparing behaviors across different species to draw conclusions.

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    Genetics in Behavior

    The study of how genetic makeup influences behavior in animals and humans.

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    Asomatognosia

    A lack of awareness of a part of one's body, leading to inability to recognize it.

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    Body Awareness

    The conscious recognition of one's body and its parts.

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    Proprioception

    The sense of the relative position of one’s own parts of the body.

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    Neurological Condition

    A disorder caused by problems in the nervous system, affecting awareness or perception.

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    Somatosensory Cortex

    Part of the brain responsible for processing body sensations and awareness.

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    Arachnoid Mater

    The middle membrane covering the brain and spinal cord, resembling a spider web.

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    Subarachnoid Cavity

    Space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

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    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

    Fluid found in the subarachnoid cavity that cushions the brain and spinal cord.

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    Pia Mater

    The innermost layer of the meninges, closely adhering to the brain and spinal cord surface.

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    Meninges

    Three protective layers covering the brain and spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.

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    Acetylcholine

    A neurotransmitter involved in muscle activation and various nervous system functions.

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    Neuromuscular Junctions

    The synapses where motor neurons communicate with muscles using acetylcholine.

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    Autonomic Nervous System

    Part of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions, influenced by acetylcholine.

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    Synapses in Central Nervous System

    Connections between neurons in the brain and spinal cord where acetylcholine acts.

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    Neurotransmitter

    Chemicals that transmit signals across synapses between neurons.

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    Diencephalon

    A brain region located between the telencephalon and midbrain, includes thalamus and hypothalamus.

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    Thalamus

    A large mass of grey matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon responsible for relaying sensory information.

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    Hypothalamus

    A small region of the diencephalon controlling various autonomic functions and homeostasis.

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    Grey Matter

    A major component of the central nervous system consisting of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses.

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    Autonomic Functions

    Involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate controlled by the hypothalamus.

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    Study Notes

    Biopsychology as a Neuroscience

    • Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system, from its structure and function to development and degeneration, in health and disease.
    • Biopsychology, also known as physiological psychology, is the scientific study of the biological bases of behavior.
    • It emphasizes a biological approach to understanding psychology.

    Origins of Biopsychology

    • Pre-Biological Explanations: Historically, behavior was attributed to supernatural or natural elements.
    • Psychological Tradition: Mental illness was once considered a natural response to mental or emotional stress, sometimes explained as stemming from bizarre behaviors. Nicholas Oresme was a notable proponent of this view.
    • Biological Tradition: Hippocrates, the "Father of Western Medicine," proposed that hysteria was related to the uterus. Galen built on Hippocrates' ideas, creating the humoral theory of disorders.

    Origins of Biopsychology (Continued)

    • Biological Tradition (Modern): Sigmund Freud emphasized drives like sexual and aggressive tendencies as governing behavior. Other influential figures include Erik Erikson and Hans Eysenck. Eysenck's model features three personality dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism, which he argued were largely inherited.
    • Evolutionary Theory: David Buss's evolutionary theory of personality suggests that personalities evolved in response to the problems of survival and reproduction.

    Major Dimensions of Psychological Research

    • Humans or Non-Human Subjects: Research can involve either humans or non-human subjects
    • Formal or Nonexperimental Studies: Research methods can be formal experiments or nonexperimental studies.
    • Pure or Applied Research: Research can aim for knowledge or practical applications.

    Research Types

    • Quasi-experiments: Studies similar to experiments but not true experiments. These often involve pre-existing groups that are either being observed or their exposure to a treatment/condition is not controlled.
    • Case studies: Studies on a single person or subject to gain in-depth information.

    Divisions of Biopsychology

    • Physiological Psychology: Study of neural mechanisms of behavior in non-human subjects in controlled experiments.
    • Psychopharmacology: Study of drug effects on the brain and behavior.
    • Neuropsychology: Study of psychological effects of brain damage in humans.
    • Psychophysiology: Study of the relationship between physiology and psychological processes using non-invasive measurements.
    • Cognitive Neuroscience: Study of the neural mechanisms underlying cognition using functional brain imaging.
    • Comparative Psychology: Studies of the evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness of behavior, widely using evolutionary biology in experiments.

    Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System

    • Standard Anatomical Position: A specific orientation used to describe anatomy.
    • Planes of the Body (Anatomical): Three reference planes used to divide and describe body sections: sagittal (left/right), coronal (front/back), and transverse (top/bottom).
    • Neurons: Specialized cells responsible for receiving, transmitting, and processing electrochemical signals. Includes detailed descriptions of anatomical parts: Nucleus, Cell Body, Dendrites, Axon, Myelin Sheath, Nodes of Ranvier, and Axon Terminals.
    • Glial Cells: Provide support and insulation in neural pathways. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells are important types.
    • CNS (Central Nervous System): Brain and spinal cord
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves located outside the brain and spinal cord

    Brain Divisions

    • Hindbrain (Myelencephalon/Medulla): Posterior part, controlling vital functions like breathing, heartbeat.
    • Metencephalon (Pons and Cerebellum): Connects forebrain and hindbrain, involved in movement coordination, and sensory information processing.
    • Midbrain (Mesencephalon): Contains structures associated with vision, hearing, movement control, sleep/wake cycles, and temperature regulation. Contains the tectum (visual/auditory processing) and tegmentum (contains tracts).
    • Forebrain (Diencephalon): Contains thalamus and hypothalamus, which relay sensory information and control motivated behaviors (e.g., eating, sleeping, and sexual behavior).
    • Forebrain (Telencephalon/Cerebrum): Largest part of the brain, encompassing the cerebral cortex with various lobes (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital). The frontal lobes are primarily involved in higher-level cognitive functions. (Other functions included).

    Special Neural Structures

    • Limbic system: Region in the brain involved in emotional and motivated behaviors; it's key structures include Amygdala (emotional responses/memory), Hippocampus (memory), and Fornix (pathway connecting parts of the brain).
    • Basal Ganglia: Responsible for motor control, habit learning, and other processes like decision-making.
    • Caudate Nucleus and Putamen: Parts of the basal ganglia, crucial for motor control.
    • Globus Pallidus: another component in the Basal ganglia, also involved in motor control.
    • Spinal Cord: A long bundle of nervous tissue connecting brain and body, involved in conveying sensory and motor signals.
    • Gray Matter and White Matter - Different types of tissue in the brain and spinal cord.

    Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid

    • Meninges: Protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord.
    • Ventricles: Internal fluid-filled spaces within the brain.
    • Cerebrospinal Fluif (CSF): Liquid that cushions and protects brain and spinal cord tissues.

    Blood Brain Barrier, Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) divisions

    • Blood-Brain Barrier: Selective mechanism that protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream
    • Somatic Nervous System: Afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) neurons that control voluntary movements and sensory information.
    • Autonomic Nervous System: Governs involuntary functions like heart rate, digestion, breathing, and other internal processes; further divided into sympathetic (arousal) and parasympathetic (calming) nervous systems.

    Neurotransmitters

    • Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers enabling communication between neurons at synapses. Details regarding chemical processes (release, reuptake, etc.), types and roles are detailed in the document.
    • Types of neurotransmitters: Amino acid, monoamine, neuropeptides, some unconventional neurotransmitters are referenced

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental principles of biopsychology and its historical origins within neuroscience. This quiz covers the biological bases of behavior and the evolution of psychological explanations from supernatural to biological perspectives. Test your knowledge on key figures and theories that shaped this field.

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