Biophysics: Heat Capacity and Transfer
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Questions and Answers

Which state of matter transmits force in all directions?

  • Gases
  • Liquids (correct)
  • Fluids
  • Solids

Which of the following is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to a force applied to its surface?

  • Liquids
  • Fluids
  • Gases
  • Solids (correct)

Which state of matter would you expect to expand and fill its container completely?

  • Solids
  • Gases (correct)
  • Fluids
  • Liquids

What causes the flow in natural convection?

<p>Differences in density due to thermal expansion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following states cannot maintain a fixed shape?

<p>Gases (A), Liquids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of convection?

<p>Passive convection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which state of matter tends to have a defined volume but not a defined shape?

<p>Liquids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding forced convection is accurate?

<p>It is driven by an external force like pumps or fans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes natural convection from other types of convection?

<p>Dependence on density differences due to temperature variations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes convection?

<p>The transfer of thermal energy through fluid motion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is relevant to understanding buoyancy in fluids?

<p>Archimedes Principle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle relates to the transmission of pressure in a fluid at rest?

<p>Pascal's Principle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle would you refer to when calculating the relationship between temperature and emitted radiation?

<p>Stefan Boltzmann Principle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle explains the behavior of fluids under varying pressure conditions?

<p>Bernoulli’s Principle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of measurement, what is the basic building block referred to as the 'brick'?

<p>Base quantity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle does the Venturi meter operate on?

<p>Bernoulli's theorem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle describes the transmission of pressure in an enclosed fluid?

<p>Pascal's principle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the speed of liquid flow change according to Bernoulli's equation?

<p>It speeds up in narrower sections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Venturi meter particularly useful in fluid dynamics?

<p>It accurately measures fluid velocity based on changes in diameter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the transmission of pressure in a fluid?

<p>The shape of the container (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about liquid flow in tubes is correct?

<p>Narrower tubes cause increased velocity of the liquid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a pressure of 60.1 KN is applied to an enclosed fluid, what can be expected?

<p>Pressure increases uniformly throughout the fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to pressure when the volume of an enclosed fluid decreases while temperature remains constant?

<p>Pressure increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a narrowing tube have on liquid pressure, according to Bernoulli's principle?

<p>Pressure decreases as speed increases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a characteristic of fluids under pressure?

<p>Fluids transmit pressure equally in all directions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be true for an object to be in static equilibrium?

<p>The resultant external force must equal zero. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where must the center of mass be located for stability?

<p>Below the base support and inside the base. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the force of muscle contraction relate to the number of contracting fibers?

<p>It is independent of the number of fibers contracting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the base support in relation to an object's center of mass?

<p>The center of mass needs to be below the base support for stability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about static equilibrium is accurate?

<p>Static equilibrium necessitates that external forces balance out. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Natural convection

Heat transfer caused by differences in density, often due to temperature variations, like hot air rising.

Convection

Heat transfer through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).

Forced convection

Heat transfer using a fan or pump to move fluids, rather than relying on density differences alone.

Heat Transfer

The movement of thermal energy from a hotter object to a cooler one.

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Density

The amount of mass in a given volume of a substance.

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Pascal's Principle

States that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all parts of the fluid and to the walls of its container.

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Pressure

The force applied perpendicularly to a surface, measured in units like Pascals (Pa).

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Fluid

A substance that can flow easily and changes shape readily, like liquids and gases.

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Enclosed Fluid

A fluid confined within a container or boundary, such as water in a bottle or air in a tire.

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Transmitted Pressure

The uniform distribution of pressure throughout an enclosed fluid when pressure is applied to any part of it.

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What transmits force in all directions?

Fluids, which include liquids and gases, transmit force equally in all directions due to their ability to flow.

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Liquids

A state of matter that takes the shape of its container but has a fixed volume. Liquids can flow and transmit force in all directions.

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Gases

A state of matter that expands to fill its container and is easily compressed. Gases can flow and transmit force in all directions.

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Archimedes' Principle

This principle explains how much buoyant force acts upward on an object submerged in a fluid. It states that the buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

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Stefan-Boltzmann Law

This law describes the total amount of energy emitted per unit surface area by a blackbody at a given temperature. The energy increases proportionally to the fourth power of the temperature.

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Bernoulli's Principle

This principle relates fluid velocity and pressure. As the velocity of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases.

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Base Quantity

A fundamental physical quantity that cannot be expressed in terms of other quantities. It's like the 'building block' of measurement systems.

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Static Equilibrium

A state where an object is at rest and all forces acting on it balance out, resulting in a net force of zero.

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Center of Mass

The average location of all the mass in an object. In static equilibrium, the center of mass must be positioned above the base of support for stability.

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Base Support

The area or region where an object rests or is supported.

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Muscle Force

The strength of a muscle contraction is determined by the number of muscle fibers activated, not the total number of fibers in the muscle.

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Muscle Fiber Activation

The process of stimulating individual muscle fibers to contract, contributing to the overall force generated by the muscle.

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Venturi Meter

A device that measures the flow rate of a liquid in a pipe. It relies on Bernoulli's principle, which states that fluid velocity increases as the pipe narrows.

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Bernoulli's Equation

Describes the relationship between fluid velocity, pressure, and height. In narrower sections of a pipe, fluid velocity increases and pressure decreases.

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What happens to liquid velocity in a narrower tube?

The liquid velocity increases as the tube gets narrower. This is due to the principle of conservation of mass, which states that the mass of a fluid remains constant even as its velocity changes.

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How does narrowing a pipe affect pressure?

Narrowing a pipe causes the pressure to decrease. This is because the increased velocity of the fluid requires a decrease in pressure to maintain the balance of energy.

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What is the relationship between pressure and velocity in a liquid?

In a liquid, as the velocity increases, the pressure decreases. This inverse relationship is explained by Bernoulli's principle and the conservation of energy.

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Study Notes

Biophysics Data Bank

  • Heat capacity: A measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to another object.
  • Temperature: A measure of the hotness or coldness of an object.
  • Specific heat: The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
  • Latent heat: The amount of thermal energy required to change the phase of one gram of a substance.
  • Thermal Equilibrium: A state where two objects in thermal contact have no energy exchange.
  • Body Temperature Conversion: 91.4°F is equivalent to 33.0°C
  • Heat Capacity: Amount of thermal energy needed to raise the temperature of an object by 1°C.
  • Specific Heat: Amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1°C.
  • Latent Heat: Amount of thermal energy needed to change the phase of 1 gram of a substance.

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

  • Convection: Heat transfer caused by differences in density due to thermal expansion. Examples include hot air rising or ocean currents.
  • Forced convection: Convection due to external forces or mechanisms; for example, a fan circulating air.
  • Natural convection: Convection due to differences in fluid density (thermal expansion) without an external force.
  • Radiation: Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves (e.g., visible light, infrared, ultraviolet).
  • Conduction: Heat transfer through direct contact.

Gas Laws

  • Charles and Gay-Lussac Law: At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature.
  • Boyle's Law: At constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
  • Ideal Gas Law: A combination of the above two laws relating pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles of a gas.

Other Concepts

  • Temperature of boiling water: 100°C or 212°F.
  • Temperature of freezing water: 0°C or 32°F
  • Radiation Law: An object's energy radiated is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
  • Surface tension: The cohesive forces between surface molecules of a liquid. This causes a liquid's surface to behave like a stretched membrane.
  • Capillary action: The tendency of a liquid to rise or fall in a narrow tube due to cohesive and adhesive forces.
  • Center of mass: The point where the mass of an object is concentrated.
  • Center of gravity: The point about which the total torque due to gravity on the object is zero.
  • Conductors: Substances which allow heat transfer by conduction. (examples given)
  • Units of pressure: Pressure is the perpendicular force per unit area, using the unit Pascal (Pa).
  • Thermodynamic Work: Work done on/by a system due to a constant force.

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Biophysics Data Bank Past Paper 2023-2024 PDF

Description

This quiz explores fundamental concepts in biophysics related to heat capacity, temperature, and various heat transfer mechanisms. Review key terms such as specific heat and latent heat, and understand thermal equilibrium. Perfect for students delving into thermal physics and its applications in biophysics.

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