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Questions and Answers
What is the formula to convert Celsius to Kelvin?
What is the formula to convert Celsius to Kelvin?
Which temperature range is covered by simple thermocouples?
Which temperature range is covered by simple thermocouples?
What is the steam point in Fahrenheit?
What is the steam point in Fahrenheit?
What happens to the EMF in a thermocouple as the temperature of the junction increases?
What happens to the EMF in a thermocouple as the temperature of the junction increases?
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of simple thermocouples?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of simple thermocouples?
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What is defined as the transfer of energy across the boundary of a system due to a temperature difference?
What is defined as the transfer of energy across the boundary of a system due to a temperature difference?
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According to the Zeroth law of thermodynamics, what can be concluded if object A is in thermal equilibrium with object C and object B is also in thermal equilibrium with object C?
According to the Zeroth law of thermodynamics, what can be concluded if object A is in thermal equilibrium with object C and object B is also in thermal equilibrium with object C?
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What do thermometers measure?
What do thermometers measure?
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What characterizes thermal equilibrium?
What characterizes thermal equilibrium?
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Which temperature scale is based on the freezing and boiling points of water?
Which temperature scale is based on the freezing and boiling points of water?
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Study Notes
Biophysics: Heat and Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamics is the study of the relationship between heat, work, temperature, and energy.
- It deals with energy transfer between places and forms.
- Heat is a form of energy corresponding to a definite amount of mechanical work.
Definitions
- Temperature is an interpretation of the amount of internal energy in a system.
- Heat is the transfer of energy across a system boundary due to temperature differences between the system and its surroundings.
- Thermal equilibrium is a state where two objects won't exchange energy (heat or electromagnetic radiation) if placed in contact.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Thermometers
- Devices used to measure temperature.
- Utilize a physical property (e.g., volume, color, dimension, resistance) that changes with temperature.
Temperature Scales
- Different scales exist (Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit).
- Each scale is based on two fixed points: freezing and boiling points of pure water.
Temperature Scale Conversion
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Celsius (°C), Kelvin (°K), and Fahrenheit (°F) are interconnected.
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Conversion Formulae:
- TC = TK - 273.15
- TK = TC + 273
- TF = (9/5)TC + 32
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Conversion Formulae:
Constant Volume Gas Thermometers
- Pressure of a gas increases with temperature at a constant volume.
- Ideal gas equation (at constant volume): P = constant x T
- Absolute zero is the point where pressure equals zero (-273°C).
Clinical Thermometer
- Used for measuring human body temperature.
- Uses mercury inside a thin glass bulb.
- Rapidly indicates body temperature due to its thin wall and liquid configuration.
- Temperature range measured is 35-42°C
Platinum Resistance Thermometer
- Measures temperature based on the resistance of a platinum coil.
- Resistance changes proportionally with temperature.
- Formula: R= R (1 + αθ + βθ²)
- Advantage: Highly accurate and works over a wide temperature range (-250°C to +1250°C).
Thermocouples
- Created by contact of two dissimilar metals
- Produces an EMF (electromotive force).
- The magnitude of the EMF depends on the temperature difference at the contact point.
- Useful for rapidly changing temperatures.
Advantages of Thermocouples
- Wide measuring range (-200°C to 1500°C)
- Inexpensive and easy to use,
- Can be used for rapidly fluctuating temperatures
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Description
Explore the principles of thermodynamics in this quiz, which covers the relationship between heat, work, temperature, and energy. Understand key concepts like thermal equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, along with practical applications such as thermometers.
