Biophotonics in Cancer Treatment Overview
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What is one major advantage of the new method in cancer treatment using beams of light?

  • It does not require any type of medical intervention.
  • It uses traditional radiation therapy techniques.
  • It allows for early detection of cancer. (correct)
  • It has no side effects at all.

    • What role does scientific research play in cancer treatment advancements?

  • It helps in understanding cell biology and improving cancer methods. (correct)
  • It is primarily concerned with economic factors.
  • It exclusively focuses on traditional methods.
  • It limits the development of new technologies.

    • Which statement accurately reflects the concept of cell specialization?

  • All cells in complex organisms perform the same functions.
  • Every specialized cell has identical structures across different organisms.
  • Specialized cells can mutate into any cell type as needed.
  • Cell specialization leads to differences in form and function. (correct)

    • What is a unique characteristic of muscle cells?

    <p>They generate energy required for contraction and movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are stem cells capable of doing?

    <p>They can become various cell types when needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cells have the ability to grow indefinitely without division.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that organisms need to increase the number of cells as they grow?

    <p>To support their larger size and complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell division produces gametes?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells must remove _____ to maintain homeostasis.

    <p>waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a basic need of cells?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Diffusion = Movement of chemicals from high to low concentration Meiosis = Cell division that produces gametes Excretion = Removal of waste products from cells Cell growth = Increase in the number of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amount of solute in a given volume of solution is referred to as _____ .

    <p>concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All organisms reproduce asexually, producing offspring with the same DNA as the parent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of phases in mitosis?

    <p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sister chromatids are two identical strands of DNA connected at the centromere.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the metaphase of mitosis?

    <p>Chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nuclear membrane breaks down during ______ phase of mitosis.

    <p>prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during anaphase?

    <p>Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of mitosis with their descriptions:

    <p>Prophase = Nuclear membrane breakdown occurs Metaphase = Chromosomes align in the center Anaphase = Sister chromatids separate Telophase = Daughter chromosomes become thinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis occurs during the anaphase of cell division.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the two genetically identical cells produced after division?

    <p>Daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of malignant tumors?

    <p>They can destroy surrounding tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Checkpoint failure refers to the checkpoints successfully detecting and eliminating malfunctioning cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body?

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some mutations are caused by __________, which can lead to cancer.

    <p>carcinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of tumor with its characteristic:

    <p>Benign Tumors = May disrupt normal functions but are not cancerous Malignant Tumors = Interfere with surrounding cells and are cancerous Secondary Tumor = Mass formed by cancer cells that spread from the primary site Carcinogens = Environmental factors leading to mutations associated with cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a common carcinogen?

    <p>Tobacco smoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All individuals exposed to carcinogens will definitely develop cancer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cancer cells when mutations affect DNA that controls cell division?

    <p>They become cancerous and proliferate uncontrollably.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a 'superfood' that is beneficial for cancer prevention?

    <p>Broccoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Early cancer detection does not impact treatment success.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used for colon cancer screening?

    <p>Endoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher body fat can increase the risk of some _______.

    <p>cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the imaging technologies with their primary usage:

    <p>Endoscopy = Colon cancer screening X-ray = Imaging bones and lungs Ultrasound = Creating images of soft tissues MRI = Highly detailed imaging using magnetic fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests can identify blood cancers like leukemia?

    <p>Blood Samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cancer cells typically have a uniform shape and size compared to normal cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An _______ is inserted into the colon during a procedure for cancer screening.

    <p>endoscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main goals of cancer treatment?

    <p>To slow down tumor growth or destroy as many cancer cells as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemotherapy is only administered through injections, not orally.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of specialist involved in a cancer treatment team.

    <p>Oncologist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ therapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body.

    <p>Chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cancer treatment with its primary feature:

    <p>Surgery = Physically removes tumors from the body Chemotherapy = Uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body Radiation Therapy = Targets cancer cells using ionizing radiation Biophotonics = Detects and treats cancer cells using light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstances is surgery often preferred?

    <p>When the tumor is in an accessible location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Radiation therapy is effective because cancer cells are more susceptible to damage due to their rapid division.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common side effects of chemotherapy?

    <p>Hair loss, nausea, and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biophotonics in Cancer Treatment

    • Biophotonics utilizes beams of light for cancer detection and treatment.
    • The method offers high sensitivity for early cancer detection.
    • It minimizes side effects compared to conventional radiation therapy, due to precise targeting of cancerous tissue.

    University of Toronto and Research Hub

    • The University of Toronto plays a significant role in biophotonics research.

    Importance of Research

    • Scientific research and technological advancements are critical for understanding cell biology.
    • Canadian researchers are at the forefront of developing improved methods for cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

    Specialized Cells

    • The cell theory states that all cells originate from pre-existing cells.
    • Every organism, including humans and trees, starts as a single fertilized egg or cell.
    • Cells in complex organisms exhibit diversity in structure and function, performing specialized tasks.
    • Specialized cells have unique physical and chemical properties that allow them to excel in specific functions.
    • Cell specialization involves changes in both form and function, leading to significant differences in appearance among specialized cells.
    • Animal cells demonstrate a wide range of specializations, both internally and externally.

    Muscle Cells

    • Muscle cells contain numerous mitochondria to produce the energy required for contraction and movement.

    Stem Cells

    • Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can develop into various cell types.
    • Stem cells stored at birth from the umbilical cord have the potential to address future medical needs, though preserving them is complex.
    • Environmental contamination or harmful signals can disrupt normal development.

    Multicellular Organisms

    • Organisms can reproduce asexually, creating offspring with the same DNA as the parent.
    • Organisms can also reproduce sexually, combining DNA from two parents.
    • Gametes, or sex cells, contain half the DNA of normal cells.
    • Gamete formation occurs via meiosis which is a special type of cell division.
    • Sexual reproduction results in offspring inheriting characteristics from both parents.

    Growth as a Characteristic of Life

    • Organisms grow primarily through increasing the number of cells.
    • Cells need energy sources, nutrients, and water to grow.
    • Cells need to remove waste products like carbon dioxide in order to function properly.

    Why Does the Cell Number Increase as Organisms Grow?

    • Growth requires an increase in cell number due to the complexity of organisms.
    • Nutrients and waste can't move in and out of a large cell efficiently.
    • The DNA in the nucleus becomes overloaded with demands.
    • Cell division ensures each new cell receives a copy of DNA, preventing overload.

    Chemical Movement in Cells

    • Chemicals necessary for cell growth and activity enter through the cell membrane.
    • Chemicals move via diffusion from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
    • Diffusion helps distribute vital substances throughout the cell.

    Concentration

    • Concentration is the amount of solute (substance) in a given volume of solution.
    • Understanding concentration is essential for understanding diffusion.

    Genetic Material

    • DNA exists as long, thin, invisible strands.
    • Before cell division, DNA strands are duplicated to create two identical strands.
    • Additional organelles are formed during this preparation phase.

    Cell Division

    • Cell division occurs in two main stages: mitosis (nucleus division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division).
    • The result is two genetically identical cells called daughter cells.

    Phases of Mitosis

    • Mitosis involves four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
    • Cells transition through these phases gradually.

    Prophase

    • Prophase is the beginning of mitosis after interphase.
    • Long strands of DNA condense into visible chromosomes during this phase.
    • Each chromosome contains two identical strands (sister chromatids) connected at a region called the centromere.
    • The nuclear membrane breaks down during prophase to allow access to the chromosomes for division.

    Metaphase

    • During metaphase, chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell.
    • It is easily recognizable due to the distinct arrangement of the chromosomes.
    • All chromosomes must be properly aligned for mitosis to proceed to the next phase.

    Anaphase

    • The centromere splits during anaphase, separating the sister chromatids.
    • The separated sister chromatids are now called daughter chromosomes.
    • Daughter chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell.

    Telophase

    • Telophase is the last phase of mitosis.
    • Daughter chromosomes stretch out, become thinner, and are no longer visible.

    Cell Growth Rates and Cancer

    • Cancer cells divide uncontrollably, ignoring signals to stop growing.
    • Checkpoints may fail to detect problems or eliminate malfunctioning cells.

    Tumor Formation

    • Benign tumors form a mass of cells that may remain together and not seriously affect surrounding tissues.
    • They are not cancerous, but they can grow large enough to crowd nearby cells and disrupt their function.
    • Malignant tumors interfere with neighboring cells and tissues, impacting functions.
    • They are considered cancerous and can destroy surrounding tissues.

    Metastasis

    • Cancer cells can break away from the primary tumor and spread to other parts of the body.
    • This is known as a secondary tumor.
    • Metastasis is a major factor contributing to the danger of cancer.

    Causes of Cancer

    • Each time a cell divides, its DNA is accurately duplicated.
    • Mutations are random changes in DNA.
    • Mutations can lead to cell death or allow the cell to survive, grow, and divide.
    • Cancerous cells can proliferate as a result of mutations.
    • Cancer cells multiply until nutrients are depleted.

    Carcinogens

    • Carcinogens are environmental factors that can lead to cancer.
    • Common carcinogens include: tobacco smoke, radiation, certain viruses, chemicals in plastics, and organic solvents.
    • Not everyone exposed to carcinogens will develop cancer.

    Hereditary Cancers

    • Some cancers have a hereditary component, meaning DNA passed from parents can increase an individuals risk of developing cancer such as some forms of breast and colon cancer.

    Lifestyle Choices

    • A healthy diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and less fatty meat can help lower the risk of cancer.
    • Certain "superfoods" contain protective substances beneficial for cancer prevention.
    • Consuming whole foods over supplements is more effective for cancer prevention.
    • Higher body fat can increase the risk of certain cancers.

    Diagnosing Cancer

    • Tumors may cause swelling, discomfort, fatigue, or unexplained weight loss.
    • Early cancer detection significantly improves treatment success.
    • Diagnostic tests include blood tests and imaging techniques.

    Imaging Technologies

    • Endoscopy is used for colon cancer screening.
    • X-rays are used for imaging bones, lungs, and breast tissue.
    • Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of soft tissues.
    • CT scans use multiple X-rays and a computer to create detailed images.
    • MRIs use radio waves and a magnetic field for highly detailed images and 3D models.

    Examining Cells

    • Cell samples are examined under a microscope to confirm cancer, often following abnormal test results from other diagnostic techniques.
    • Blood samples can be used to identify blood cancers like leukemia.
    • A tumor biopsy involves surgically removing tumor cells for examination.
    • If the cells are non-cancerous, the tumor is classified as benign.
    • Cancer cells often differ in shape and structure from normal cells.
    • Cancer cells, with their irregular shape and inconsistent size, are identifiable by trained professionals.

    Next Steps After Diagnosis

    • Doctors determine the origin of the cancer, tumor size and growth rate, and whether it has spread.
    • This information guides treatment options and helps predict outcomes.

    Treatments of Cancer

    • The goals of cancer treatment are to slow down tumor growth or destroy as many cancer cells as possible.
    • Main cancer treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and biophotonics.
    • Treatment plans involve one or a combination of these treatment methods based on the type and stage of cancer.

    Cancer Treatment Team

    • Specialists involved in a cancer treatment plan include surgeons, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and oncology nurses.

    Surgery

    • Surgery involves physically removing cancerous tissue.
    • It is often preferred when the tumor is accessible in location and can be clearly separated from surrounding tissues.

    Chemotherapy

    • Chemotherapy uses drugs to treat cancer by slowing or stopping cancer cell division and spread as well as killing cancer cells throughout the body.
    • Chemotherapy drugs are administered via injection or orally.
    • Common side effects include hair loss, nausea, and fatigue.
    • Chemotherapy is often used as an initial treatment step to shrink tumors for easier surgical removal or to prepare for radiation.
    • Chemotherapy drugs circulate throughout the body, targeting both large and small tumors.

    Radiation

    • Radiation therapy targets cancer cells, which are more susceptible to damage from ionizing radiation due to their rapid division.

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    Unit 2 Quiz PDF - Biology

    Description

    This quiz explores the role of biophotonics in cancer detection and treatment, emphasizing its high sensitivity and minimal side effects compared to traditional methods. It also highlights the contributions of the University of Toronto and the significance of research in understanding cell biology. Test your knowledge on cancer treatment technologies and specialized cells.

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