Biopharmaceutical Breakthroughs

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Questions and Answers

What is the mechanism of action of mRNA vaccines?

In vivo transcription, transfection of dendritic cells, endosomal escape, translation into antigenic proteins, and stimulation of antigen-specific B-cell and humoral immune responses.

In vivo transcription, transfection of dendritic cells, endosomal escape, translation into antigenic proteins, and stimulation of antigen-specific T-cell and humoral immune responses. (correct)

In vitro transcription, transfection of macrophages, endosomal escape, translation into antigenic proteins, and stimulation of antigen-specific T-cell and humoral immune responses.

In vitro transcription, transfection of dendritic cells, lysosomal escape, translation into antigenic proteins, and stimulation of antigen-specific T-cell and innate immune responses.

Which type of live vaccine vectors are most frequently used?

Retrovirus and lentivirus vectors

Herpesvirus and papillomavirus vectors

Influenza and coronavirus vectors

Adenovirus and poxvirus vectors (correct)

What is the role of adjuvants in vaccine development?

Code only for the viral spike protein and are non-amplifying.

Enhance the immune response to an antigen and facilitate the administration of reduced quantities of antigen to achieve an adequate immunological response. (correct)

Protect the mRNA from degradation by ribonucleases and facilitate cell targeting.

Cure the viral infection by directly targeting the virus.

What is the most commonly used material for adjuvants in human medicine?

Aluminium-based products Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for an ideal adjuvant?

Immunogenic itself Signup and view all the answers

What are nucleic acid-based therapies?

Gene therapy, antisense technology, RNAi, ribozymes, aptamers, and CRISPR genome editing technology. Signup and view all the answers

What is THPdb?

A manually curated repository of FDA approved therapeutic proteins, providing comprehensive information on FDA approved therapeutic peptides, proteins, and their drug variants. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, and CureVac COVID-19 vaccines?

The viral spike protein Signup and view all the answers

Which vectors are commonly used to protect mRNA from degradation and facilitate cell targeting?

Polyplex and lipid nanoparticle vectors Signup and view all the answers

What is the delivery vehicle used by mRNA vaccines?

PEGylated LNPs Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of mRNA vaccines?

Transfection of dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of adjuvants?

To enhance the immune response to an antigen Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of an ideal adjuvant?

Safe and effective in eliciting protective immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is THPdb?

A repository of FDA approved therapeutic proteins Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Overview of COVID-19 Vaccines, Live Vaccine Vectors, Adjuvants, and Nucleic Acid and Cell-Based Therapies

Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, and CureVac COVID-19 vaccines code only for the viral spike protein and are non-amplifying.
Polyplex and lipid nanoparticle vectors are used to protect mRNA from degradation by ribonucleases and facilitate cell targeting.
The mRNA vaccines employ PEGylated LNPs as their delivery vehicle.
The mechanism of action of mRNA vaccines involves in vitro transcription, transfection of dendritic cells, endosomal escape, translation into antigenic proteins, and stimulation of antigen-specific T-cell and humoral immune responses.
Live vaccine vectors, both viral and bacterial, are an alternative approach to subunit or mRNA vaccines, with adenovirus and poxvirus vectors being most frequently used.
Adjuvants enhance the immune response to an antigen and facilitate the administration of reduced quantities of antigen to achieve an adequate immunological response.
Aluminium-based products are routinely used as adjuvants in human medicine due to safety reasons.
An ideal adjuvant should be safe, effective in eliciting protective immunity, non-pyrogenic, chemically defined, effective in infants/young children, yield stable formulation with the antigen, biodegradable, and non-immunogenic itself.
Nucleic acid-based therapies include gene therapy, antisense technology, RNAi, ribozymes, aptamers, and CRISPR genome editing technology.
Only a handful of nucleic-acid based products had gained regulatory approval by the turn of the decade, including Gendicine, Glybera, Vitravene, Macugen, Kynamro, Eteplirsen, Defitelio, and Spinraza.
Hundreds of protein-based biopharmaceuticals had been approved by early 2020.
THPdb is a manually curated repository of FDA approved therapeutic proteins, providing comprehensive information on FDA approved therapeutic peptides, proteins, and their drug variants.

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Description

Test your knowledge about the latest COVID-19 vaccines and cutting-edge nucleic acid and cell-based therapies with this informative quiz. Learn about the different types of vaccines, their mechanisms of action, and how they are delivered to the body. Explore the world of live vaccine vectors, adjuvants, and nucleic acid-based therapies, and discover how they are used to combat diseases. Take this quiz and enhance your understanding of the latest developments in the field of biopharmaceuticals.