Biomolecules Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

  • Cell communication
  • Long-term energy storage
  • Immune defense
  • Short-term energy storage (correct)
  • Which of the following statements about lipids is true?

  • Lipids contain the element nitrogen.
  • Lipids are used for long-term energy storage. (correct)
  • Lipids have a true monomer.
  • Lipids function primarily in immune defense.
  • Which monomer is associated with proteins?

  • Monosaccharides
  • Nucleotides
  • Fatty acids
  • Amino acids (correct)
  • What is the function of enzymes in biological reactions?

    <p>To catalyze reactions without being consumed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which elements are essential for nucleic acids?

    <p>C, H, O, N, P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many covalent bonds can carbon typically form due to its tetravalence?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classes of macromolecules is NOT a part of the four main classes?

    <p>Vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of linkage forms between nucleotides in nucleic acids?

    <p>Phosphodiester bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of dehydration synthesis in biological systems?

    <p>It builds larger molecules from smaller ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During hydrolysis, what is required to break the covalent bond between two molecules?

    <p>A water molecule is added.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the outcome of dehydration synthesis?

    <p>The loss of water and formation of a peptide bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule is formed during dehydration synthesis of two amino acids?

    <p>Peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best characterizes hydrolysis?

    <p>It breaks down larger molecules into smaller components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario does dehydration synthesis NOT occur?

    <p>Breaking down fats into fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to energy during dehydration synthesis?

    <p>Energy is released as bonds are formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates the process of hydrolysis?

    <p>Conversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released as a product during dehydration synthesis?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is essential for digestion?

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of water allows it to have a high heat capacity, helping organisms maintain stable internal temperatures?

    <p>Hydrogen Bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does water's high heat of vaporization benefit living organisms?

    <p>By allowing evaporation to cool the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cohesion play in the transport of water within plants?

    <p>It allows water to resist external forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of water being a universal solvent?

    <p>It helps in the transport of nutrients and waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the density anomaly of water contribute to the survival of aquatic life during cold weather?

    <p>It forms a protective layer of ice on top</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the neutral pH of water have on biochemical processes in organisms?

    <p>It enhances the stability of enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of water allows insects, like water striders, to walk on its surface?

    <p>Cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does water facilitate chemical reactions in living organisms?

    <p>By participating as a reactant or solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is water's ability to moderate temperature important for ecosystems?

    <p>It stabilizes climate and environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of water allows it to transport dissolved ions and nutrients effectively in the bloodstream?

    <p>Universal solvent properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of high surface tension in water for plants?

    <p>It allows for capillary action in nutrient transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does water's role as a buffer help organisms?

    <p>It maintains pH stability in fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does evaporation of water contribute to temperature regulation in humans?

    <p>By absorbing excess heat as it changes state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of water enables it to maintain hydration levels in cells?

    <p>Cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property allows carbon to form a wide variety of structures, including chains and rings?

    <p>Tetravalency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds are primarily formed between carbon and hydrogen in hydrocarbons?

    <p>Single bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant effect does isomerism have on carbon-based molecules?

    <p>Increases functional diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group is found in alcohols and alters the chemical properties of carbon-based molecules?

    <p>Hydroxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does carbon's ability to form both double and triple bonds enhance its chemical diversity?

    <p>By enabling the formation of functional groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the stability of carbon-hydrogen bonds play in organic molecules?

    <p>It serves as a basis for complex structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which molecule does carbon form double bonds with oxygen?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of carbon contributes to its ability to form diverse three-dimensional shapes?

    <p>Flexibility in bond formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element can carbon form stable bonds with, expanding its molecular diversity?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organic compound forms from long carbon chains with associated hydrogen?

    <p>Hydrocarbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics of carbon provides it with high versatility in bonding?

    <p>Tetravalent nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules is an example of a structure consisting of carbon in a ring formation?

    <p>Cyclohexane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows carbon to bond with a variety of elements, creating molecules crucial for life?

    <p>High bonding capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors significantly influences how molecules interact with each other in biological systems?

    <p>Molecular shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of functional groups in carbon compounds?

    <p>They alter reactivity and biological properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hydrogen bonds play in water's high heat capacity?

    <p>They absorb heat energy, maintaining stable temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of water is primarily responsible for its ability to resist external forces at the surface?

    <p>Cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does water's polarity contribute to its effectiveness as a solvent?

    <p>It surrounds and separates charged or polar molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ecological importance does the density anomaly of water provide?

    <p>It helps life survive beneath ice layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is water's high heat of vaporization important for temperature regulation in living organisms?

    <p>It removes heat from the body effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of water allows it to facilitate capillary action in plants?

    <p>Adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of water having a neutral pH?

    <p>It helps maintain a stable environment for biochemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains why water can dissolve many substances?

    <p>Its hydrogen bonding capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes the high cohesion of water molecules?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does water contribute to biochemical reactions in living organisms?

    <p>It facilitates the movement of ions and reactants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to water molecules as they cool and approach freezing?

    <p>They arrange into a crystalline structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct consequence of water's high heat capacity on ecosystems?

    <p>It stabilizes internal temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of substances does water primarily dissolve due to its universal solvent properties?

    <p>Ionic compounds and polar molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is adhesion important for water's role in living organisms?

    <p>It promotes nutrient absorption through capillary action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the active site of an enzyme play in catalyzing reactions?

    <p>It binds substrates specifically to facilitate reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the induced fit model in enzyme activity?

    <p>The enzyme undergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can regulate enzyme activity?

    <p>Temperature and pH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does enzyme catalysis stabilize the transition state?

    <p>By providing an optimal microenvironment for the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of water results from its bent molecular shape?

    <p>The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is water described as a polar solvent?

    <p>Its hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge and oxygen has a slight negative charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique property of water helps moderate Earth's climate?

    <p>High heat capacity and specific heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does water's unique structure affect its properties?

    <p>It enables high boiling and melting points for small molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of water's density anomaly?

    <p>Ice floats, allowing life to exist under frozen surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the product release stage of enzyme activity?

    <p>The enzyme returns to its original shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of water contributes to capillary action in plants?

    <p>Surface tension and cohesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of water's neutral pH of around 7?

    <p>It facilitates optimal functioning of biochemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular structure of water?

    <p>Two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom in a bent shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element in the water molecule has higher electronegativity?

    <p>Oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates

    • Monomer: Monosaccharides
    • Elements: C, H, O
    • Functional groups: Hydroxyl and carbonyl
    • Functions: Short-term energy storage, quick energy source, and cellular support (e.g., cell walls)
    • Examples: Bread, pasta, grains, corn, bananas

    Lipids

    • Monomer: No true monomer
    • Elements: C, H, O
    • Functional groups: Hydroxyl and carboxyl
    • Functions: Long-term energy storage, vitamin absorption, and energy transport
    • Examples: Butter, eggs, olive oil

    Proteins

    • Monomer: Amino acids
    • Elements: C, H, O, N, S*
    • Functional groups: Carboxyl and amino
    • Functions: Immune defense, movement, hormones, storage, cell communication, catalyzing reactions
    • Examples: Meat, tofu, beans

    Nucleic Acids

    • Monomer: Nucleotides
    • Elements: C, H, O, N, P
    • Functional groups: Phosphate, hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl, methyl
    • Functions: Stores and transfers genetic information in the cell
    • Examples: DNA, RNA, tRNA, all foods

    Carbon and Organic Compounds

    Carbon's Properties

    • Building element for macromolecules

    • Diverse bonding options

    • Forms chains, branches, or rings

    • Carbon has 6 total electrons: 2 in the first shell, 4 in the valence shell.

    • Tetravalence: 4 valence electrons allow carbon to form up to 4 covalent bonds. Commonly bonds with H, O, and N.

    • Bonding capacities: H (1), O (2), N (3), C (4).

    • Bonds can be single (ethane), double (ethene), or triple (ethyne).

    Macromolecule Classes

    • Large organic molecules: Proteins, lipids (fats), carbohydrates, nucleic acids.

    Enzymes

    • Biological catalysts (typically proteins)
    • Mechanism of Action: Lower activation energy, bind to substrates at the active site (lock-and-key or induced fit model), catalyze reactions then release products.

    Water Molecule

    • Structure: Two H atoms covalently bonded to one O atom.
    • Oxygen has higher electronegativity than hydrogen, creating a polar molecule (unequal sharing of electrons). Oxygen has a slight negative charge (δ⁻), and hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge (δ⁺).
    • Bent shape (104.5°): Due to lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen.

    Water's Importance

    • Polarity: Polar solvent, dissolves ionic and polar substances.
    • Hydrogen bonding: Weak bonds between water molecules, crucial for water's properties.

    Water's Unique Properties

    • High boiling and melting points
    • High heat capacity
    • Surface tension
    • Cohesion and adhesion (capillary action)
    • Universal solvent
    • Density anomaly (ice floats)
    • Neutral pH (7)
    • Facilitates chemical reactions

    Water's Effects on Living Organisms

    • Temperature regulation: High heat capacity, heat of vaporization
    • Transport: Cohesion, adhesion, solvent properties
    • Chemical reactions: Water as a solvent, reactant, or product
    • Aquatic life: Density anomaly, preventing freezing from the bottom up.

    Carbon's Versatility

    • Tetravalency: Forms four covalent bonds, allowing for diverse bonding patterns.
    • Long chains and rings: Forms complex structures.
    • Functional groups: Variety of functional groups attached, impacting molecule properties.
    • Isomerism: Different structures with the same formula.
    • Bonding with other elements: Bonds with H, O, N, S, and P.

    Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

    • Dehydration synthesis: Joins monomers to form polymers, releasing water.
    • Hydrolysis: Breaks polymers into monomers, using water.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the four main biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. This quiz covers their monomers, elements, functional groups, and key functions. Perfect for students studying biology or biochemistry.

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