Biomolecules Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

  • Cell communication
  • Long-term energy storage
  • Immune defense
  • Short-term energy storage (correct)

Which of the following statements about lipids is true?

  • Lipids contain the element nitrogen.
  • Lipids are used for long-term energy storage. (correct)
  • Lipids have a true monomer.
  • Lipids function primarily in immune defense.

Which monomer is associated with proteins?

  • Monosaccharides
  • Nucleotides
  • Fatty acids
  • Amino acids (correct)

What is the function of enzymes in biological reactions?

<p>To catalyze reactions without being consumed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which elements are essential for nucleic acids?

<p>C, H, O, N, P (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many covalent bonds can carbon typically form due to its tetravalence?

<p>4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classes of macromolecules is NOT a part of the four main classes?

<p>Vitamins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of linkage forms between nucleotides in nucleic acids?

<p>Phosphodiester bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dehydration synthesis in biological systems?

<p>It builds larger molecules from smaller ones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During hydrolysis, what is required to break the covalent bond between two molecules?

<p>A water molecule is added. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the outcome of dehydration synthesis?

<p>The loss of water and formation of a peptide bond. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is formed during dehydration synthesis of two amino acids?

<p>Peptide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes hydrolysis?

<p>It breaks down larger molecules into smaller components. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario does dehydration synthesis NOT occur?

<p>Breaking down fats into fatty acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to energy during dehydration synthesis?

<p>Energy is released as bonds are formed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates the process of hydrolysis?

<p>Conversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is released as a product during dehydration synthesis?

<p>Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is essential for digestion?

<p>Hydrolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of water allows it to have a high heat capacity, helping organisms maintain stable internal temperatures?

<p>Hydrogen Bonding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water's high heat of vaporization benefit living organisms?

<p>By allowing evaporation to cool the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cohesion play in the transport of water within plants?

<p>It allows water to resist external forces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of water being a universal solvent?

<p>It helps in the transport of nutrients and waste (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the density anomaly of water contribute to the survival of aquatic life during cold weather?

<p>It forms a protective layer of ice on top (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the neutral pH of water have on biochemical processes in organisms?

<p>It enhances the stability of enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water allows insects, like water striders, to walk on its surface?

<p>Cohesion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does water facilitate chemical reactions in living organisms?

<p>By participating as a reactant or solvent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is water's ability to moderate temperature important for ecosystems?

<p>It stabilizes climate and environmental conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of water allows it to transport dissolved ions and nutrients effectively in the bloodstream?

<p>Universal solvent properties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of high surface tension in water for plants?

<p>It allows for capillary action in nutrient transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water's role as a buffer help organisms?

<p>It maintains pH stability in fluids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does evaporation of water contribute to temperature regulation in humans?

<p>By absorbing excess heat as it changes state (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of water enables it to maintain hydration levels in cells?

<p>Cohesion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property allows carbon to form a wide variety of structures, including chains and rings?

<p>Tetravalency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds are primarily formed between carbon and hydrogen in hydrocarbons?

<p>Single bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant effect does isomerism have on carbon-based molecules?

<p>Increases functional diversity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is found in alcohols and alters the chemical properties of carbon-based molecules?

<p>Hydroxyl group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does carbon's ability to form both double and triple bonds enhance its chemical diversity?

<p>By enabling the formation of functional groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the stability of carbon-hydrogen bonds play in organic molecules?

<p>It serves as a basis for complex structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which molecule does carbon form double bonds with oxygen?

<p>Carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature of carbon contributes to its ability to form diverse three-dimensional shapes?

<p>Flexibility in bond formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element can carbon form stable bonds with, expanding its molecular diversity?

<p>Oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organic compound forms from long carbon chains with associated hydrogen?

<p>Hydrocarbons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics of carbon provides it with high versatility in bonding?

<p>Tetravalent nature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is an example of a structure consisting of carbon in a ring formation?

<p>Cyclohexane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows carbon to bond with a variety of elements, creating molecules crucial for life?

<p>High bonding capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors significantly influences how molecules interact with each other in biological systems?

<p>Molecular shape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of functional groups in carbon compounds?

<p>They alter reactivity and biological properties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do hydrogen bonds play in water's high heat capacity?

<p>They absorb heat energy, maintaining stable temperatures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water is primarily responsible for its ability to resist external forces at the surface?

<p>Cohesion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water's polarity contribute to its effectiveness as a solvent?

<p>It surrounds and separates charged or polar molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ecological importance does the density anomaly of water provide?

<p>It helps life survive beneath ice layers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is water's high heat of vaporization important for temperature regulation in living organisms?

<p>It removes heat from the body effectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water allows it to facilitate capillary action in plants?

<p>Adhesion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of water having a neutral pH?

<p>It helps maintain a stable environment for biochemical reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why water can dissolve many substances?

<p>Its hydrogen bonding capabilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the high cohesion of water molecules?

<p>Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water contribute to biochemical reactions in living organisms?

<p>It facilitates the movement of ions and reactants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to water molecules as they cool and approach freezing?

<p>They arrange into a crystalline structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct consequence of water's high heat capacity on ecosystems?

<p>It stabilizes internal temperatures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of substances does water primarily dissolve due to its universal solvent properties?

<p>Ionic compounds and polar molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is adhesion important for water's role in living organisms?

<p>It promotes nutrient absorption through capillary action. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the active site of an enzyme play in catalyzing reactions?

<p>It binds substrates specifically to facilitate reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the induced fit model in enzyme activity?

<p>The enzyme undergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can regulate enzyme activity?

<p>Temperature and pH levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does enzyme catalysis stabilize the transition state?

<p>By providing an optimal microenvironment for the reaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of water results from its bent molecular shape?

<p>The ability to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is water described as a polar solvent?

<p>Its hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge and oxygen has a slight negative charge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique property of water helps moderate Earth's climate?

<p>High heat capacity and specific heat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water's unique structure affect its properties?

<p>It enables high boiling and melting points for small molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of water's density anomaly?

<p>Ice floats, allowing life to exist under frozen surfaces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the product release stage of enzyme activity?

<p>The enzyme returns to its original shape. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water contributes to capillary action in plants?

<p>Surface tension and cohesion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of water's neutral pH of around 7?

<p>It facilitates optimal functioning of biochemical reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular structure of water?

<p>Two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom in a bent shape. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element in the water molecule has higher electronegativity?

<p>Oxygen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Macromolecules

Large molecules made of repeating smaller units called monomers. They are essential for life and perform diverse functions in living organisms.

Enzyme

A molecule with a specific 3D structure that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed.

Activation energy

The amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction.

Tetravalence of Carbon

The ability of carbon to form four covalent bonds with other atoms.

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Carbon's role in organic compounds

Organic compounds contain carbon.

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Monomer

The small repeating unit that makes up a larger molecule.

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Polymer

A large molecule formed by joining multiple monomers together.

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Molecular structure

The arrangement of atoms within a molecule, influencing its shape and function.

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Active Site

A specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds.

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Substrate

The molecule that undergoes a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme.

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Induced Fit

A slight change in the enzyme's shape when the substrate binds, enhancing its catalytic ability.

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Catalysis

The process by which an enzyme helps convert a substrate into a product.

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Product

The molecule(s) produced as a result of an enzymatic reaction.

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Enzyme Inhibitor

Any factor that can decrease enzyme activity.

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Enzyme Activator

Molecules that increase enzyme activity.

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Covalent Bond

A bond formed by sharing electrons between atoms.

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Electronegativity

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons.

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Polar Molecule

A molecule with distinct positive and negative ends due to unequal electron distribution.

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Hydrogen Bonding

The ability of water molecules to form weak bonds with each other.

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Solvent

The ability of a substance to dissolve other substances.

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Universal Solvent

Water's ability to dissolve many substances, especially polar compounds and ionic compounds.

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Specific Heat

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 °C.

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Latent Heat of Vaporization

The amount of energy needed to change a substance from liquid to gas.

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High Heat Capacity

Water's ability to absorb a large amount of heat before its temperature changes significantly.

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High Heat of Vaporization

The strong bonds between water molecules that make it difficult to break apart and evaporate.

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Cohesion and Surface Tension

The attraction between water molecules, causing them to stick together, and the ability of water surfaces to resist external forces.

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Adhesion

The attraction between water molecules and other substances.

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Solvent Properties (Universal Solvent)

Water's ability to dissolve many substances, especially ionic compounds and polar molecules.

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Density Anomaly

The unique property of water becoming less dense when it freezes, causing ice to float.

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Neutral pH

Water's ability to maintain a neutral pH (around 7), meaning it is neither acidic nor basic.

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Structure and Hydrogen Bonding

The hydrogen bonds between water molecules give it a unique structure, enabling it to absorb heat and resist changes in temperature.

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Importance of Heat Capacity

Water's high heat capacity helps stabilize the temperatures of organisms and ecosystems, preventing rapid temperature fluctuations.

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Importance of Heat of Vaporization

The high heat of vaporization plays a crucial role in cooling mechanisms, such as sweating or transpiration.

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Importance of Cohesion and Surface Tension

Cohesion is essential for the movement of water in plants through capillary action, while surface tension helps prevent excessive water loss.

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Importance of Adhesion

Adhesion plays a key role in capillary action, allowing water to move through narrow spaces, and helps water to line surfaces in organisms.

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Importance of Solvent Properties

Water's ability to dissolve many substances aids in the transport of nutrients, gases, and waste products in organisms, supporting cellular reactions.

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Importance of Density Anomaly

The density anomaly of water allows ice to insulate bodies of water, protecting aquatic life in cold environments.

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Importance of Neutral pH

Water's neutral pH is vital for maintaining the balance of chemical reactions in living systems, ensuring optimal functioning.

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Dehydration Synthesis

The formation of a larger molecule from two smaller molecules by removing a water molecule.

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Hydrolysis

The breakdown of a larger molecule into smaller components by adding a water molecule.

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Peptide bond

The covalent bond formed between two amino acids, releasing a water molecule.

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Glycosidic bond

The covalent bond that links monosaccharides together to form larger carbohydrates.

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Why is Carbon Important in Organic Molecules?

Carbon's ability to form long chains, complex structures, and diverse bonds with a wide range of other elements makes it the backbone of all organic molecules.

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Organic Molecules

Organic molecules contain carbon atoms bonded to other elements, primarily hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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Protein Conformation

The three-dimensional shape of a protein, determined by its amino acid sequence.

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High Heat Capacity of Water

Water's ability to absorb a large amount of heat without significantly changing temperature.

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High Heat of Vaporization of Water

The amount of heat needed to change water from a liquid to a gas (evaporation). It's high for water.

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Cohesion in Water

The force of attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding.

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Adhesion in Water

The attraction between water molecules and other substances.

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Water as a Universal Solvent

Water's ability to dissolve many substances, especially ionic and polar molecules.

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Density Anomaly of Water

Water's unusual property where the solid form (ice) is less dense than the liquid form.

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Neutral pH of Water

Water's pH is neutral, making it suitable for many biological reactions.

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Water in Chemical Reactions

Water plays a vital role in chemical reactions within living organisms.

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Water's Role in Temperature Regulation

Water's properties help regulate body temperature.

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Capillary Action

Water's ability to move against gravity through narrow tubes in plants.

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Water's Role in Transport

Water is essential for transport of nutrients, gases, and waste products in living organisms.

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Water's Role in Homeostasis

Water's properties help maintain stable internal conditions in organisms.

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Water's Role in Aquatic Environments

Water's unique properties are crucial for aquatic life survival, especially in cold temperatures.

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Water's Importance for Life

Water's unique properties contribute to the ability of organisms to survive and thrive.

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Carbon's Tetravalency

Carbon has four electrons available for bonding, allowing it to form four covalent bonds with other atoms.

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Carbon's Ability to Form Chains and Rings

Carbon atoms can bond together to form long chains or rings, creating the backbone for complex molecules like proteins and DNA.

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Carbon-Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrocarbons, compounds made of carbon and hydrogen, are stable and non-reactive, making them ideal building blocks for larger molecules.

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Carbon's Multiple Bonds

Carbon can form double and triple bonds with other atoms, increasing molecular diversity and reactivity.

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Carbon's Functional Groups

Functional groups, like -OH or -COOH, attach to carbon chains, giving molecules specific chemical properties and roles in biological processes.

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Carbon's Isomerism

Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures, leading to a wide range of functional properties.

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Carbon's Bonding with Other Elements

Carbon can bond with elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, contributing to the diversity of molecules essential for life.

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Carbon's Flexibility in Shape

The combination of carbon's bonding capabilities allows for a wide range of three-dimensional shapes, influencing molecular function.

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Valence

The ability of an atom to form chemical bonds.

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Functional Group

A group of atoms that give a molecule specific chemical properties and reactivity.

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Isomers

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms.

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Hydrocarbons

Compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen.

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Chemical Reaction

A chemical reaction that involves the breaking and formation of bonds.

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Why is carbon the backbone of life?

The ability of carbon to form four covalent bonds with other atoms allows it to create a vast array of molecules essential for life.

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Study Notes

Carbohydrates

  • Monomer: Monosaccharides
  • Elements: C, H, O
  • Functional groups: Hydroxyl and carbonyl
  • Functions: Short-term energy storage, quick energy source, and cellular support (e.g., cell walls)
  • Examples: Bread, pasta, grains, corn, bananas

Lipids

  • Monomer: No true monomer
  • Elements: C, H, O
  • Functional groups: Hydroxyl and carboxyl
  • Functions: Long-term energy storage, vitamin absorption, and energy transport
  • Examples: Butter, eggs, olive oil

Proteins

  • Monomer: Amino acids
  • Elements: C, H, O, N, S*
  • Functional groups: Carboxyl and amino
  • Functions: Immune defense, movement, hormones, storage, cell communication, catalyzing reactions
  • Examples: Meat, tofu, beans

Nucleic Acids

  • Monomer: Nucleotides
  • Elements: C, H, O, N, P
  • Functional groups: Phosphate, hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl, methyl
  • Functions: Stores and transfers genetic information in the cell
  • Examples: DNA, RNA, tRNA, all foods

Carbon and Organic Compounds

Carbon's Properties

  • Building element for macromolecules

  • Diverse bonding options

  • Forms chains, branches, or rings

  • Carbon has 6 total electrons: 2 in the first shell, 4 in the valence shell.

  • Tetravalence: 4 valence electrons allow carbon to form up to 4 covalent bonds. Commonly bonds with H, O, and N.

  • Bonding capacities: H (1), O (2), N (3), C (4).

  • Bonds can be single (ethane), double (ethene), or triple (ethyne).

Macromolecule Classes

  • Large organic molecules: Proteins, lipids (fats), carbohydrates, nucleic acids.

Enzymes

  • Biological catalysts (typically proteins)
  • Mechanism of Action: Lower activation energy, bind to substrates at the active site (lock-and-key or induced fit model), catalyze reactions then release products.

Water Molecule

  • Structure: Two H atoms covalently bonded to one O atom.
  • Oxygen has higher electronegativity than hydrogen, creating a polar molecule (unequal sharing of electrons). Oxygen has a slight negative charge (δ⁻), and hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge (δ⁺).
  • Bent shape (104.5°): Due to lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen.

Water's Importance

  • Polarity: Polar solvent, dissolves ionic and polar substances.
  • Hydrogen bonding: Weak bonds between water molecules, crucial for water's properties.

Water's Unique Properties

  • High boiling and melting points
  • High heat capacity
  • Surface tension
  • Cohesion and adhesion (capillary action)
  • Universal solvent
  • Density anomaly (ice floats)
  • Neutral pH (7)
  • Facilitates chemical reactions

Water's Effects on Living Organisms

  • Temperature regulation: High heat capacity, heat of vaporization
  • Transport: Cohesion, adhesion, solvent properties
  • Chemical reactions: Water as a solvent, reactant, or product
  • Aquatic life: Density anomaly, preventing freezing from the bottom up.

Carbon's Versatility

  • Tetravalency: Forms four covalent bonds, allowing for diverse bonding patterns.
  • Long chains and rings: Forms complex structures.
  • Functional groups: Variety of functional groups attached, impacting molecule properties.
  • Isomerism: Different structures with the same formula.
  • Bonding with other elements: Bonds with H, O, N, S, and P.

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

  • Dehydration synthesis: Joins monomers to form polymers, releasing water.
  • Hydrolysis: Breaks polymers into monomers, using water.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the four main biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. This quiz covers their monomers, elements, functional groups, and key functions. Perfect for students studying biology or biochemistry.

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