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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Which of the following statements about lipids is true?
Which of the following statements about lipids is true?
Which monomer is associated with proteins?
Which monomer is associated with proteins?
What is the function of enzymes in biological reactions?
What is the function of enzymes in biological reactions?
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Which elements are essential for nucleic acids?
Which elements are essential for nucleic acids?
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How many covalent bonds can carbon typically form due to its tetravalence?
How many covalent bonds can carbon typically form due to its tetravalence?
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Which of the following classes of macromolecules is NOT a part of the four main classes?
Which of the following classes of macromolecules is NOT a part of the four main classes?
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What type of linkage forms between nucleotides in nucleic acids?
What type of linkage forms between nucleotides in nucleic acids?
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What is the primary function of dehydration synthesis in biological systems?
What is the primary function of dehydration synthesis in biological systems?
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During hydrolysis, what is required to break the covalent bond between two molecules?
During hydrolysis, what is required to break the covalent bond between two molecules?
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Which of the following correctly describes the outcome of dehydration synthesis?
Which of the following correctly describes the outcome of dehydration synthesis?
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What type of molecule is formed during dehydration synthesis of two amino acids?
What type of molecule is formed during dehydration synthesis of two amino acids?
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Which statement best characterizes hydrolysis?
Which statement best characterizes hydrolysis?
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In which scenario does dehydration synthesis NOT occur?
In which scenario does dehydration synthesis NOT occur?
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What happens to energy during dehydration synthesis?
What happens to energy during dehydration synthesis?
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Which example illustrates the process of hydrolysis?
Which example illustrates the process of hydrolysis?
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What is released as a product during dehydration synthesis?
What is released as a product during dehydration synthesis?
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Which of the following processes is essential for digestion?
Which of the following processes is essential for digestion?
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What property of water allows it to have a high heat capacity, helping organisms maintain stable internal temperatures?
What property of water allows it to have a high heat capacity, helping organisms maintain stable internal temperatures?
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How does water's high heat of vaporization benefit living organisms?
How does water's high heat of vaporization benefit living organisms?
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What role does cohesion play in the transport of water within plants?
What role does cohesion play in the transport of water within plants?
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What is the significance of water being a universal solvent?
What is the significance of water being a universal solvent?
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How does the density anomaly of water contribute to the survival of aquatic life during cold weather?
How does the density anomaly of water contribute to the survival of aquatic life during cold weather?
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What effect does the neutral pH of water have on biochemical processes in organisms?
What effect does the neutral pH of water have on biochemical processes in organisms?
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Which property of water allows insects, like water striders, to walk on its surface?
Which property of water allows insects, like water striders, to walk on its surface?
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In what way does water facilitate chemical reactions in living organisms?
In what way does water facilitate chemical reactions in living organisms?
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Why is water's ability to moderate temperature important for ecosystems?
Why is water's ability to moderate temperature important for ecosystems?
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What property of water allows it to transport dissolved ions and nutrients effectively in the bloodstream?
What property of water allows it to transport dissolved ions and nutrients effectively in the bloodstream?
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What is the primary benefit of high surface tension in water for plants?
What is the primary benefit of high surface tension in water for plants?
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How does water's role as a buffer help organisms?
How does water's role as a buffer help organisms?
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How does evaporation of water contribute to temperature regulation in humans?
How does evaporation of water contribute to temperature regulation in humans?
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What characteristic of water enables it to maintain hydration levels in cells?
What characteristic of water enables it to maintain hydration levels in cells?
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What property allows carbon to form a wide variety of structures, including chains and rings?
What property allows carbon to form a wide variety of structures, including chains and rings?
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What type of bonds are primarily formed between carbon and hydrogen in hydrocarbons?
What type of bonds are primarily formed between carbon and hydrogen in hydrocarbons?
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What significant effect does isomerism have on carbon-based molecules?
What significant effect does isomerism have on carbon-based molecules?
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Which functional group is found in alcohols and alters the chemical properties of carbon-based molecules?
Which functional group is found in alcohols and alters the chemical properties of carbon-based molecules?
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How does carbon's ability to form both double and triple bonds enhance its chemical diversity?
How does carbon's ability to form both double and triple bonds enhance its chemical diversity?
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What role does the stability of carbon-hydrogen bonds play in organic molecules?
What role does the stability of carbon-hydrogen bonds play in organic molecules?
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In which molecule does carbon form double bonds with oxygen?
In which molecule does carbon form double bonds with oxygen?
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What feature of carbon contributes to its ability to form diverse three-dimensional shapes?
What feature of carbon contributes to its ability to form diverse three-dimensional shapes?
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Which element can carbon form stable bonds with, expanding its molecular diversity?
Which element can carbon form stable bonds with, expanding its molecular diversity?
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What type of organic compound forms from long carbon chains with associated hydrogen?
What type of organic compound forms from long carbon chains with associated hydrogen?
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Which of the following characteristics of carbon provides it with high versatility in bonding?
Which of the following characteristics of carbon provides it with high versatility in bonding?
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Which of the following molecules is an example of a structure consisting of carbon in a ring formation?
Which of the following molecules is an example of a structure consisting of carbon in a ring formation?
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What process allows carbon to bond with a variety of elements, creating molecules crucial for life?
What process allows carbon to bond with a variety of elements, creating molecules crucial for life?
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Which of the following factors significantly influences how molecules interact with each other in biological systems?
Which of the following factors significantly influences how molecules interact with each other in biological systems?
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Which statement best describes the role of functional groups in carbon compounds?
Which statement best describes the role of functional groups in carbon compounds?
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What role do hydrogen bonds play in water's high heat capacity?
What role do hydrogen bonds play in water's high heat capacity?
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Which property of water is primarily responsible for its ability to resist external forces at the surface?
Which property of water is primarily responsible for its ability to resist external forces at the surface?
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How does water's polarity contribute to its effectiveness as a solvent?
How does water's polarity contribute to its effectiveness as a solvent?
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What ecological importance does the density anomaly of water provide?
What ecological importance does the density anomaly of water provide?
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Why is water's high heat of vaporization important for temperature regulation in living organisms?
Why is water's high heat of vaporization important for temperature regulation in living organisms?
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Which property of water allows it to facilitate capillary action in plants?
Which property of water allows it to facilitate capillary action in plants?
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What is the significance of water having a neutral pH?
What is the significance of water having a neutral pH?
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Which of the following best explains why water can dissolve many substances?
Which of the following best explains why water can dissolve many substances?
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What primarily causes the high cohesion of water molecules?
What primarily causes the high cohesion of water molecules?
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How does water contribute to biochemical reactions in living organisms?
How does water contribute to biochemical reactions in living organisms?
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What happens to water molecules as they cool and approach freezing?
What happens to water molecules as they cool and approach freezing?
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What is a direct consequence of water's high heat capacity on ecosystems?
What is a direct consequence of water's high heat capacity on ecosystems?
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What type of substances does water primarily dissolve due to its universal solvent properties?
What type of substances does water primarily dissolve due to its universal solvent properties?
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Why is adhesion important for water's role in living organisms?
Why is adhesion important for water's role in living organisms?
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What role does the active site of an enzyme play in catalyzing reactions?
What role does the active site of an enzyme play in catalyzing reactions?
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What is the induced fit model in enzyme activity?
What is the induced fit model in enzyme activity?
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Which of the following factors can regulate enzyme activity?
Which of the following factors can regulate enzyme activity?
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How does enzyme catalysis stabilize the transition state?
How does enzyme catalysis stabilize the transition state?
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What characteristic of water results from its bent molecular shape?
What characteristic of water results from its bent molecular shape?
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Why is water described as a polar solvent?
Why is water described as a polar solvent?
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What unique property of water helps moderate Earth's climate?
What unique property of water helps moderate Earth's climate?
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How does water's unique structure affect its properties?
How does water's unique structure affect its properties?
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What is the result of water's density anomaly?
What is the result of water's density anomaly?
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What occurs during the product release stage of enzyme activity?
What occurs during the product release stage of enzyme activity?
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Which property of water contributes to capillary action in plants?
Which property of water contributes to capillary action in plants?
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What is the significance of water's neutral pH of around 7?
What is the significance of water's neutral pH of around 7?
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What is the molecular structure of water?
What is the molecular structure of water?
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Which element in the water molecule has higher electronegativity?
Which element in the water molecule has higher electronegativity?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- Monomer: Monosaccharides
- Elements: C, H, O
- Functional groups: Hydroxyl and carbonyl
- Functions: Short-term energy storage, quick energy source, and cellular support (e.g., cell walls)
- Examples: Bread, pasta, grains, corn, bananas
Lipids
- Monomer: No true monomer
- Elements: C, H, O
- Functional groups: Hydroxyl and carboxyl
- Functions: Long-term energy storage, vitamin absorption, and energy transport
- Examples: Butter, eggs, olive oil
Proteins
- Monomer: Amino acids
- Elements: C, H, O, N, S*
- Functional groups: Carboxyl and amino
- Functions: Immune defense, movement, hormones, storage, cell communication, catalyzing reactions
- Examples: Meat, tofu, beans
Nucleic Acids
- Monomer: Nucleotides
- Elements: C, H, O, N, P
- Functional groups: Phosphate, hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl, methyl
- Functions: Stores and transfers genetic information in the cell
- Examples: DNA, RNA, tRNA, all foods
Carbon and Organic Compounds
Carbon's Properties
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Building element for macromolecules
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Diverse bonding options
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Forms chains, branches, or rings
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Carbon has 6 total electrons: 2 in the first shell, 4 in the valence shell.
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Tetravalence: 4 valence electrons allow carbon to form up to 4 covalent bonds. Commonly bonds with H, O, and N.
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Bonding capacities: H (1), O (2), N (3), C (4).
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Bonds can be single (ethane), double (ethene), or triple (ethyne).
Macromolecule Classes
- Large organic molecules: Proteins, lipids (fats), carbohydrates, nucleic acids.
Enzymes
- Biological catalysts (typically proteins)
- Mechanism of Action: Lower activation energy, bind to substrates at the active site (lock-and-key or induced fit model), catalyze reactions then release products.
Water Molecule
- Structure: Two H atoms covalently bonded to one O atom.
- Oxygen has higher electronegativity than hydrogen, creating a polar molecule (unequal sharing of electrons). Oxygen has a slight negative charge (δ⁻), and hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge (δ⁺).
- Bent shape (104.5°): Due to lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen.
Water's Importance
- Polarity: Polar solvent, dissolves ionic and polar substances.
- Hydrogen bonding: Weak bonds between water molecules, crucial for water's properties.
Water's Unique Properties
- High boiling and melting points
- High heat capacity
- Surface tension
- Cohesion and adhesion (capillary action)
- Universal solvent
- Density anomaly (ice floats)
- Neutral pH (7)
- Facilitates chemical reactions
Water's Effects on Living Organisms
- Temperature regulation: High heat capacity, heat of vaporization
- Transport: Cohesion, adhesion, solvent properties
- Chemical reactions: Water as a solvent, reactant, or product
- Aquatic life: Density anomaly, preventing freezing from the bottom up.
Carbon's Versatility
- Tetravalency: Forms four covalent bonds, allowing for diverse bonding patterns.
- Long chains and rings: Forms complex structures.
- Functional groups: Variety of functional groups attached, impacting molecule properties.
- Isomerism: Different structures with the same formula.
- Bonding with other elements: Bonds with H, O, N, S, and P.
Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis
- Dehydration synthesis: Joins monomers to form polymers, releasing water.
- Hydrolysis: Breaks polymers into monomers, using water.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the four main biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. This quiz covers their monomers, elements, functional groups, and key functions. Perfect for students studying biology or biochemistry.