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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of enzymatic proteins?
What is the primary role of enzymatic proteins?
- To provide structural support to cells
- To act as biological catalysts (correct)
- To regulate the body's temperature
- To transport molecules across membranes
How do enzymes affect the activation energy of chemical reactions?
How do enzymes affect the activation energy of chemical reactions?
- They lower the activation energy needed (correct)
- They eliminate the need for activation energy completely
- They have no effect on activation energy
- They increase the activation energy required
What defines regulatory or signal proteins?
What defines regulatory or signal proteins?
- They serve as channels for transporting water
- They break down nutrients for energy
- They are produced by glands and regulate physiology (correct)
- They act mainly as structural components of cells
What is the function of transport proteins in cellular membranes?
What is the function of transport proteins in cellular membranes?
Which of the following is NOT a type of protein based on function?
Which of the following is NOT a type of protein based on function?
What role do storage proteins serve in organisms?
What role do storage proteins serve in organisms?
What is the primary role of antibodies in the immune system?
What is the primary role of antibodies in the immune system?
Which of the following proteins is primarily responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of connective tissues?
Which of the following proteins is primarily responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of connective tissues?
Which of the following amino acid groups is hydrophobic?
Which of the following amino acid groups is hydrophobic?
What is the primary structure of a protein?
What is the primary structure of a protein?
What type of reaction is responsible for linking amino acids together?
What type of reaction is responsible for linking amino acids together?
Which structural protein is primarily found in hair, nails, and the outer layer of the skin?
Which structural protein is primarily found in hair, nails, and the outer layer of the skin?
What function do the actin filaments primarily serve within cells?
What function do the actin filaments primarily serve within cells?
What characteristic of elastin allows it to perform its function?
What characteristic of elastin allows it to perform its function?
Which protein acts alongside actin filaments to facilitate muscle contractions?
Which protein acts alongside actin filaments to facilitate muscle contractions?
Which group contains a nitrogen atom in an amino acid?
Which group contains a nitrogen atom in an amino acid?
Which protein is mismatched with its function?
Which protein is mismatched with its function?
Which of the following statements about RNA synthesis is true?
Which of the following statements about RNA synthesis is true?
How many different amino acids are there that make up proteins?
How many different amino acids are there that make up proteins?
What components are found in an amino acid?
What components are found in an amino acid?
Which of the following components is present in all nucleotides?
Which of the following components is present in all nucleotides?
How do collagen fibers contribute to the features of skin and ligaments?
How do collagen fibers contribute to the features of skin and ligaments?
What type of network is formed by contractile proteins in the cytoplasm of cells?
What type of network is formed by contractile proteins in the cytoplasm of cells?
Which structure of proteins consists of multiple amino acid chains?
Which structure of proteins consists of multiple amino acid chains?
What distinguishes the sugar component of DNA from that of RNA?
What distinguishes the sugar component of DNA from that of RNA?
Which of the following is not a type of RNA?
Which of the following is not a type of RNA?
Which nitrogenous base is present in DNA but absent in RNA?
Which nitrogenous base is present in DNA but absent in RNA?
What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
What type of bond links nucleotides together in a nucleic acid strand?
What type of bond links nucleotides together in a nucleic acid strand?
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Study Notes
Proteins
- Large, complex molecules essential for the structure, function, and regulation of tissues and organs.
- Perform various critical roles in cellular processes.
Types of Proteins Based on Function
- Enzymatic Proteins (Enzymes): Biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
- Regulatory Proteins: Includes hormones, signaling molecules from glands that regulate physiological functions.
- Transport Proteins: Embedded in plasma membranes, facilitate the movement of molecules in and out of cells.
- Defense Proteins: Antibodies (immunoglobulins) produced by plasma cells to neutralize pathogens like bacteria and viruses.
- Structural Proteins: Maintain structural integrity; examples include collagen, keratin, and elastin.
Structural Proteins Details
- Collagen: Provides rigid support in connective tissues.
- Elastin: A stretchy protein that allows tissues to resume shape after stretching.
- Keratins: Contribute to the structure of hair, nails, and skin.
Storage Proteins
- Serve as reserves of amino acids for growth and development; albumin is a notable example.
Amino Acids
- The building blocks of proteins; there are 20 different amino acids.
- Each amino acid contains a central carbon atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, hydrogen, and a side group (R group) that determines its properties.
Protein Synthesis
- Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis.
- The sequence of amino acids constitutes the primary structure, known as a polypeptide chain.
Nucleic Acids
- Serve to store hereditary information and provide instructions for building proteins.
- Two main types exist: DNA and RNA.
Structure of Nucleic Acids
- Composed of nucleotides, which include a phosphate group, pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base.
- Nucleotides form strands linked by phosphodiester bonds, featuring directionality from 5’ to 3’.
Types of RNA
- Messenger RNA (mRNA): Temporary gene copy directing amino acid sequence in proteins.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA): Assists in translating amino acid sequences during protein synthesis.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Forms peptide bonds between amino acids in polypeptides.
Differences Between DNA and RNA
- DNA: Deoxyribose sugar, double-stranded, contains thymine.
- RNA: Ribose sugar, single-stranded, contains uracil instead of thymine.
Key Review Questions
- Storage protein example: Albumin.
- Contractile protein example: Myosin.
- Structural protein incorrectly matched: Hemoglobin.
- Not a component of an amino acid: Phosphate group.
- Protein structure with multiple chains: Quaternary structure.
- Not a nucleotide component: Glycerol.
- Nitrogenous base found in DNA but not in RNA: Thymine.
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