Biomolecules Overview and Structures
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Questions and Answers

What is a biomolecule?

Any carbon-based (organic) molecule that is produced by a living organism.

What type of bonds can carbon atoms form with up to four other atoms?

Covalent bonds.

What is organic chemistry the study of?

All compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.

What are monomers?

<p>The individual subunits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are polymers made of?

<p>Many monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mono refers to _____

<p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

Poly refers to _____

<p>Many</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meros means _____

<p>Parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are monomers and polymers sometimes called?

<p>Macromolecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main types of biomolecules?

<p>Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of carbs?

<p>Sugar, starch, and breads.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a carbohydrate made up of?

<p>Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for a carbohydrate?

<p>Cn(H2O)n.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of carbohydrates?

<p>1:2:1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are starches and sugars a main source of?

<p>Energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

For what purposes do plants and some animals use carbohydrates?

<p>Structural purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are single sugar molecules called?

<p>Monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a saccharide?

<p>Sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are double sugar molecules called?

<p>Disaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Di refers to _____

<p>Double</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are more than two sugar molecules called?

<p>Polysaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method joins monosaccharides together?

<p>Dehydration synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reverse of dehydration synthesis?

<p>Hydrolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cellular respiration produce?

<p>ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sugars used in the process of?

<p>Cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is starch produced by?

<p>Plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do starches take up less space in a cell?

<p>They are chemically linked together in tight chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are starches broken down by organisms to release?

<p>Sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do animals store excess sugar in the form of?

<p>Glycogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do plants store excess sugar in the form of?

<p>Starch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do plants use for strength and rigidity?

<p>Cellulose fiber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are totaled together on a nutrition label?

<p>Total carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a lipid?

<p>Fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of lipids?

<p>Oils, waxes, and vitamins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipids are made mostly from which two atoms?

<p>Carbon and hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lipids made of?

<p>Glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lipids be used to do for the organism?

<p>Store energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do lipids build?

<p>Cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What helps maintain homeostasis?

<p>Phospholipid bilayers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the most commonly consumed lipids in animal diets?

<p>Triglycerides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do triglycerides provide twice the energy of?

<p>Carbs or proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the names used for triglycerides when they make fats?

<p>Saturated, mono-unsaturated, poly-unsaturated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biomolecules Overview

  • Biomolecules are organic compounds produced by living organisms, primarily made of carbon.
  • Four main types of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Chemical Foundations

  • Covalent bonds allow carbon to connect with up to four other atoms, crucial for the complexity of biological molecules.
  • Organic chemistry focuses on the structure, properties, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds.

Structure of Biomolecules

  • Monomers are individual subunits, while polymers consist of multiple monomers.
  • Macromolecules are large molecules formed from monomers and polymers.

Carbohydrates

  • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; follows the formula Cn(H2O)n with a 1:2:1 ratio.
  • Starch and sugars serve as primary energy sources and have structural roles in plants and some animals.
  • Monosaccharides are single sugar units (e.g., glucose, galactose, fructose).
  • Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose, maltose).
  • Polysaccharides are formed from multiple sugars, including starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin.
  • Dehydration synthesis links monosaccharides, while hydrolysis breaks them apart.
  • Glycogen serves as a form of energy storage in animals; starch does the same in plants.
  • Cellulose fiber provides structural strength and rigidity to plant cells.

Nutrition Labeling

  • Total carbohydrates include both sugars and starches on nutrition labels.

Lipids

  • Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and vitamins, primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen.
  • Built from a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.
  • Function in energy storage for organisms, providing twice the energy of carbohydrates or proteins.
  • Essential for building cell membranes and maintaining homeostasis through phospholipid bilayers.
  • Commonly consumed lipids in diets are triglycerides, which are categorized into saturated, mono-unsaturated, and poly-unsaturated fats.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of biomolecules, including their types, structures, and chemical foundations. Focus on the roles of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, as well as the significance of covalent bonds and macromolecules in biological systems.

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