Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Lipids

Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Lipids

Biomolecules are organic substances produced by cells and living organisms, playing a diverse range of roles in life processes. The primary types of biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins, each with distinct structures and functions.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, also known as saccharides, are composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules. These macromolecules are essential for providing energy and forming the structural framework of cells. Carbohydrates are derived from monosaccharides, which are simple sugars, and are polymerized into larger structures, such as disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids, specifically deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), store an organism's genetic code. DNA consists of a double helix of nucleotides that determine the amino acid sequence of proteins. RNA acts as a template for protein synthesis during translation and has various other roles, such as regulation of gene expression.

Proteins

Proteins are complex macromolecules formed by linking amino acids in a specific sequence dictated by the genetic code carried in DNA. Proteins have multiple functions, including structural support, transport of materials across membranes, enzymatic catalysis, defense against invading organisms, and communication between cells. Some proteins are involved in immunity and the transmission of signals that stimulate cell division or other responses to external stimuli.

Lipids

Lipids serve as energy reserves, act as components of cell membranes, act as insulators, aid in fluidity of the cell membrane, and function as part of the initiation of inflammation. Lipids can be categorized into fatty acids, triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols, diglycerides, wax esters, ether lipids, glycosylated lipids, sphingolipids, and others.