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Questions and Answers
What do humans (Heterotrophs) get from food?
What are biomolecules?
Molecules that make up living things.
Which of the following is a simple sugar?
Carbohydrates provide four food calories or 16 kJ of energy.
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Match the following types of carbohydrates with their examples:
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What is the general formula for sugar?
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The bulk of human body weight is provided by three elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and ______.
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What are raw materials for organic molecules and energy?
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What are the three elements that make up more than 90% of human body weight?
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Which of the following formulas represents Sucrose?
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Glucose is considered the simplest sugar on Earth.
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What do carbohydrates mainly come from?
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Match the following simple sugars to their formulas:
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What type of reaction forms disaccharides from monosaccharides?
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Polymers are formed from covalently-bonded monomers.
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What is the term for carbohydrates with only one sugar unit?
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The word carbohydrate is derived from the fact these compounds have many carbon atoms bonded to ______ groups.
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Study Notes
Biomolecules
- Essential molecules that make up living things
- Also known as biochemicals
- Thousands of biomolecules are categorized into four groups: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
- The simplest biomolecules made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
- General formula: (CHO)n, where n represents the number of carbon atoms
- Often referred to as sugars
Simple Sugars
- A type of carbohydrate
- Break down quickly in the body, providing a quick burst of energy, often referred to as a "sugar rush"
- Simple sugars come in many forms but the most important and simplest is Glucose (C6H12O6)
- Used in cells and created by photosynthesis.
- Other simple sugars include: Fructose, Sucrose, Galactose, and Mannose
- Simple sugars are highly soluble in water.
- They easily pass through membranes, making them easily accessible as an instant source of energy in the cell.
- Can serve as building blocks for complex sugars.
- Used to construct other organic molecules.
Monosaccharides
- Simple sugars with only one sugar unit
- Identified by the number of carbon atoms they are made of
- Examples:
- Triose (3 Carbon atoms)
- Pentose (5 Carbon atoms)
- Hexose ( 6 Carbon atoms)
Complex Carbohydrates
- Chainlike molecules called polymers that include repeating units called monomers
- The monomers are called monosaccharides
- Polymers are formed from covalently-bonded monomers
- Covalent bonds form when one monomer loses a hydroxyl group (OH) and another loses a hydrogen atom through a dehydration or condensation reaction
- The bond formed is called a glycosidic linkage
- Examples include Starch, Cellulose
Human Nutrition
- Humans obtain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen from food, water and air
- Carbohydrates are obtained mostly from plants but are found in all organisms
- 90% of human body weight comes from these three elements
- One gram of carbohydrates provides 4 food calories or 16 kJ of energy
Sources of Energy
- Carbohydrates provide energy for:
- Cell growth
- Cell division
- Metabolism
- Repair
- Maintenance of the body
Biomolecules
- Humans need three elements for survival: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
- More than 90% of a human's body weight comes from these three elements.
- Biomolecules, also called biochemicals, are the molecules that make up living things.
- They can be very large and come in thousands of different types.
- There are four categories of biomolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
- We get these elements from the food we eat, the water we drink, and the air we breathe.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are the simplest biomolecules, usually containing Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
- The general formula for carbohydrates is CnH2mOm.
- They are made up of repeating units called monomers.
- These monomers form covalent bonds through dehydration or condensation reactions.
- A glycosidic linkage occurs when one monomer loses a hydroxyl group and the other loses a hydrogen atom.
- There are two types of carbohydrates: simple and complex.
Simple Carbohydrates (Sugars)
- Simple carbohydrates are quickly broken down in the body.
- They are made up of one sugar unit (monosaccharide) or two sugar units (disaccharide).
- Glucose is the most important simple sugar, having the formula C6H12O6.
- Sucrose has the formula C12H22O11.
- They provide a quick burst of energy (a sugar rush).
- Good sources of simple carbohydrates include fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.
Monosaccharides
- Monosaccharides contain only one sugar unit.
- These are simple sugars with one sugar unit.
- They are identified based on the number of carbon atoms they contain.
- Examples of monosaccharides include:
- Triose (3 carbon atoms)
- Pentose (5 carbon atoms)
- Hexoses (6 carbon atoms)
- Glucose is also known as dextrose, fructose, galactose, and mannose.
Complex Carbohydrates
- Complex carbohydrates are made up of many sugar units linked together in long chains.
- They are broken down more slowly in the body and provide a sustained source of energy.
- Examples of complex carbohydrates include:
- Starch
- Cellulose
Role of Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates provide a source of energy to the body.
- They are used in cell growth, cell division, metabolism, repair, and maintenance of the body.
- Carbohydrates serve as building blocks in the formation of complex sugars.
- They are starting materials for the construction of other organic molecules.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of biomolecules with a focus on carbohydrates and simple sugars. This quiz covers the basic structures, functions, and types of sugars, including their role in providing energy for living organisms. Test your knowledge on these essential biochemicals!
