Biomolecules and Polymers Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a dimer?

  • A molecule formed by two linked monomers (correct)
  • A natural polymer found in plants
  • A type of synthetic polymer
  • A polymer formed by many monomers

Synthetic polymers are produced by natural chemical processes.

False (B)

What are the four types of biomolecules?

lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, polynucleotides

Natural polymers are also known as _____ or _____ because they are synthesized in living organisms.

<p>biomolecules, biopolymers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biomolecules with their primary role:

<p>Lipids = Energy storage and cell membrane structure Polysaccharides = Energy source and structural support Proteins = Catalysts for biochemical reactions Polynucleotides = Storage and transfer of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein is primarily involved in muscle contraction?

<p>Contractile Proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes are responsible for storing molecules in the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of a structural protein.

<p>keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ proteins regulate bodily functions through hormonal messages.

<p>hormonal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following proteins with their functions:

<p>Hemoglobin = Transport oxygen in red blood cells Collagen = Support and strength in connective tissues Insulin = Regulator of glucose metabolism Ferritin = Storage of iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about polysaccharides is true?

<p>Polysaccharides are made up of at least ten monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amylopectin is an unbranched chain of glucose units.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of polysaccharides that compose starch?

<p>Amylose and amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ is the primary energy source for our cells.

<p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sugars with their sources:

<p>Glucose = Primary energy source for cells Fructose = Found in sweet fruits Lactose = Found in milk and dairy products Sucrose = Table sugar composed of fructose and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond typically forms the secondary structures in proteins?

<p>Hydrogen bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary structure of a protein refers to its three-dimensional shape.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is denaturation in the context of proteins?

<p>Denaturation is the process where external factors like temperature and pH disrupt the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, causing the protein to lose its biological activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ____ structure is formed by the combination of two or more tertiary structures.

<p>quaternary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following levels of protein structure with their descriptions:

<p>Primary Structure = Sequence of amino acids Secondary Structure = Formed by hydrogen bonds Tertiary Structure = Three-dimensional shape of a protein Quaternary Structure = Combination of multiple subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which monosaccharide is NOT one of the most important?

<p>Xylose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disaccharides are formed through a condensation reaction that involves adding water.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

<p>Cx(H2O)y or (CH2O)n</p> Signup and view all the answers

The disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose is known as _____

<p>sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following disaccharides with their monosaccharide components:

<p>Maltose = Glucose + Galactose Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose Lactose = Glucose + Galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are types of slow-releasing sugars?

<p>Glycogen (A), Starch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycogen is primarily stored in plant cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

<p>Energy reserve</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two main types of slow-releasing sugars are __________ and __________.

<p>starch, glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following amino acids with their corresponding codes:

<p>Alanine = Ala Cysteine = Cys Lysine = Lys Serine = Ser</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a group of lipids?

<p>Nucleotides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saturated fatty acids contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose?

<p>Glucagon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for glycerol?

<p>C3H8O3</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dipeptide consists of one amino acid linked to another.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the structural components of an amino acid.

<p>An amino acid consists of a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a side chain (R group).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Steroids share a common structure known as the _____.

<p>steroid nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following lipid types with their characteristics:

<p>Triglycerides = Energy storage molecules Phospholipids = Form cell membranes Steroids = Hormonal functions and membrane structure Saturated fatty acids = Contain only single bonds between carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phospholipids in cells?

<p>Building cell membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver and is a precursor to most steroid hormones in the human body.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two examples of sex hormones.

<p>Progesterone and Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol is considered the ________ hormone and helps in breaking down proteins into amino acids.

<p>stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steroid hormones with their functions:

<p>Testosterone = Development of male secondary sexual characteristics Estrogen = Regulation of female reproductive functions Cortisol = Regulation of metabolism and response to stress Progesterone = Preparation of the uterus for pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is NOT a part of triglycerides?

<p>Phosphate group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Triglycerides are always solid at room temperature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lipid is primarily found in cell membranes?

<p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phospholipids are formed through __________ synthesis.

<p>dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features with their corresponding type of lipid:

<p>Triglycerides = Energy storage and insulation Phospholipids = Structural components of cell membranes Oils = Primarily unsaturated fatty acids Fats = Primarily saturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between oils and fats?

<p>State at room temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fatty acid tails of phospholipids are hydrophilic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do triglycerides serve in organisms?

<p>Energy storage, insulation, organ protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Polymer definition

A large molecule formed by linking many small molecules (monomers).

Monomer definition

Small molecules that combine to form a polymer.

Polymerization

The process of linking monomers to form a polymer.

Biomolecule

A polymer formed in living organisms, with vital functions in living processes.

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Dimer

A polymer formed by linking two monomers.

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Monosaccharides

The smallest building blocks of polysaccharides, with a general formula of Cx(H2O)y or (CH2O)n.

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Glycosidic Bond

The bond formed between two monosaccharides via a condensation reaction, which removes a water molecule.

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Disaccharides

Sugars formed when two monosaccharides join.

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Condensation reaction

A chemical reaction that results in the joining of two molecules, releasing a water molecule.

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Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates formed by many repeating sugar units (monosaccharides)

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Starch

A polysaccharide composed of amylose and amylopectin, both made of glucose. It's a plant energy storage.

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Glycogen

A branched polysaccharide made of glucose, used for energy storage in animals.

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Primary Structure

The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. This sequence determines the protein's unique identity.

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Secondary Structure

The local folding pattern of a polypeptide chain, formed by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms. Two common types are alpha-helices and beta-sheets.

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Tertiary Structure

The three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, formed by interactions between side chains of amino acids. These interactions include ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and disulfide bridges.

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Quaternary Structure

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) to form a functional protein complex.

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Denaturation

The disruption of the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of a protein, often caused by heat, pH changes, or chemical agents. This alteration leads to loss of biological activity.

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Structural Proteins

Proteins that build strong, fibrous structures like hair and bones. Often coiled together for extra strength.

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Antibodies

Proteins that defend the body against invaders like bacteria and viruses. They bind to and neutralize the threats.

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Hormones

Proteins that act as messengers carrying signals throughout the body. They regulate bodily functions like blood sugar control.

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Contractile Proteins

Proteins that allow muscles to contract and move. They work like tiny motors pulling on each other.

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How is a permanent curl created?

Chemically altering the disulfide bridges in hair proteins. First, they're broken, then hair is shaped, and finally, the bridges are reformed in the new shape.

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Monomers of proteins

Amino acids are the individual building blocks of proteins.

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Amino acid structure

Each amino acid has a central carbon atom, an amino group (-NHâ‚‚), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a variable side chain (R group).

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Peptide bond formation

Amino acids link together via peptide bonds through a condensation reaction, releasing water.

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Polypeptide chain

A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, more than 10 amino acids.

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Function of glucagon

Regulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

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20 Amino Acids

The different types of amino acid building blocks for proteins.

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Phospholipids - Cell Structure

Phospholipids form the cell membrane's basic structure, creating a double layer with their polar heads facing outwards and non-polar tails inwards.

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Steroid Hormones

Many steroids in humans act as hormones, regulating various bodily functions. These include sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen, and corticosteroids from the adrenal gland, like cortisol.

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Cholesterol - The Building Block

Cholesterol is the most important steroid in humans, acting as a precursor to other steroid molecules. It's synthesized in the liver and found in various tissues.

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What is Cortisol?

Cortisol is the stress hormone, synthesized from cortisone. It helps regulate metabolism, especially protein breakdown for energy.

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Sex Hormones - Role

Sex hormones, like testosterone and estrogen, are produced in the gonads and control the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

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Triglyceride formation

Triglycerides are formed by combining glycerol with three fatty acids through ester bonds, releasing a water molecule for each bond.

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Triglyceride structure

A triglyceride consists of a glycerol molecule linked to three fatty acid chains, each connected through an ester bond.

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Fatty acid saturation

Fatty acids can be saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (with double bonds).

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Fat vs. Oil

Fats are solid at room temperature, primarily composed of saturated fatty acids. Oils are liquid at room temperature, mainly composed of unsaturated fatty acids.

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Triglyceride function in organisms

Triglycerides serve as energy storage, insulation, and organ protection in organisms.

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Phospholipid structure

Phospholipids consist of glycerol, two fatty acid tails, a phosphate group, and a polar molecule, typically choline.

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Phospholipid properties

Due to their structure, phospholipids have a hydrophilic head (water-loving) and hydrophobic tails (water-repelling), making them amphipathic.

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Phospholipid function in organisms

Phospholipids are essential components of cell membranes, forming a bilayer structure due to their amphipathic nature.

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What are lipids?

Lipids are diverse, water-insoluble biological substances. They include groups like triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids, each with unique structures and functions.

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Building blocks of Lipids

Triglycerides and phospholipids are made of glycerol and fatty acids. Phospholipids also have a phosphate group.

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What are fatty acids?

Fatty acids are long carbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end. They can be saturated (only single bonds between carbons) or unsaturated (with at least one double bond).

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What is a triglyceride?

A triglyceride is formed when three fatty acids are attached to a glycerol molecule through ester bonds. This happens through condensation reactions, releasing water.

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What are steroids?

Steroids are compounds with a specific core structure called a 'gonane' nucleus. They're found in plants and animals.

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