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Questions and Answers
What type of species interaction occurs when one organism benefits while the other is not harmed?
What type of species interaction occurs when one organism benefits while the other is not harmed?
Which biome is characterized by hot summers, cold winters, and consist mainly of broadleaf trees?
Which biome is characterized by hot summers, cold winters, and consist mainly of broadleaf trees?
What is a primary importance of freshwater biomes to living organisms?
What is a primary importance of freshwater biomes to living organisms?
Which type of species interaction is exemplified by fleas living on dogs?
Which type of species interaction is exemplified by fleas living on dogs?
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In which biome would you expect to find permafrost and a short growing season?
In which biome would you expect to find permafrost and a short growing season?
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What environmental characteristic defines a tropical rainforest?
What environmental characteristic defines a tropical rainforest?
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Which of the following biomes is NOT a freshwater biome?
Which of the following biomes is NOT a freshwater biome?
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What characterizes a shrubland biome?
What characterizes a shrubland biome?
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What defines a specialist species in relation to diet and habitat?
What defines a specialist species in relation to diet and habitat?
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How do humans contribute to alterations in the carbon cycle?
How do humans contribute to alterations in the carbon cycle?
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Which of the following reservoirs is most likely to store carbon for the shortest time?
Which of the following reservoirs is most likely to store carbon for the shortest time?
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What process do plants primarily use to convert carbon dioxide into organic matter?
What process do plants primarily use to convert carbon dioxide into organic matter?
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Which of the following processes contributes to the long-term storage of carbon?
Which of the following processes contributes to the long-term storage of carbon?
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Why are giant pandas more vulnerable to habitat loss compared to golden eagles?
Why are giant pandas more vulnerable to habitat loss compared to golden eagles?
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What role do marine organisms play in the carbon cycle?
What role do marine organisms play in the carbon cycle?
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Which of the following pairs correctly identifies a generalist and a specialist species?
Which of the following pairs correctly identifies a generalist and a specialist species?
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What factors contribute to a higher total fertility rate (TFR)?
What factors contribute to a higher total fertility rate (TFR)?
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What characterizes the second stage of the demographic transition model?
What characterizes the second stage of the demographic transition model?
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What is the replacement-level fertility in developing countries primarily due to?
What is the replacement-level fertility in developing countries primarily due to?
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What is the expected population growth rate with a birth rate of 112 and a death rate of 87 per 1,000 people?
What is the expected population growth rate with a birth rate of 112 and a death rate of 87 per 1,000 people?
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What geologic events are expected at a convergent plate boundary?
What geologic events are expected at a convergent plate boundary?
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How long will it take a population with a growth rate of 1.3% per year to double in size?
How long will it take a population with a growth rate of 1.3% per year to double in size?
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Which stage of demographic transition is characterized by low birth and low death rates?
Which stage of demographic transition is characterized by low birth and low death rates?
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What type of plate boundary is characterized by lateral movement with minimal geological activity?
What type of plate boundary is characterized by lateral movement with minimal geological activity?
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What characteristics are generally associated with species that experience Type I survivorship curves?
What characteristics are generally associated with species that experience Type I survivorship curves?
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Which of the following statements accurately reflects a characteristic of species with a Type III survivorship curve?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects a characteristic of species with a Type III survivorship curve?
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What happens to a deer population if the food supply decreases?
What happens to a deer population if the food supply decreases?
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How is a stable population depicted in terms of age structure?
How is a stable population depicted in terms of age structure?
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What is a key characteristic of an indicator species?
What is a key characteristic of an indicator species?
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Which of the following statements about island biogeography is accurate?
Which of the following statements about island biogeography is accurate?
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Which demographic measure is described by a broad-based pyramid shape in population age structure?
Which demographic measure is described by a broad-based pyramid shape in population age structure?
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Which of the following best describes a species categorized as K-selected?
Which of the following best describes a species categorized as K-selected?
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What role do pioneer species play in an ecosystem undergoing primary succession?
What role do pioneer species play in an ecosystem undergoing primary succession?
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What happens to biomass and species richness as succession progresses in an ecosystem?
What happens to biomass and species richness as succession progresses in an ecosystem?
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What is the implication of a constant loss survivorship curve (Type II)?
What is the implication of a constant loss survivorship curve (Type II)?
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What is a potential consequence of a high level of impact by invasive species on a population?
What is a potential consequence of a high level of impact by invasive species on a population?
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Why can't an ecosystem maintain normal function if a keystone species is removed?
Why can't an ecosystem maintain normal function if a keystone species is removed?
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How do K-selected species typically differ from r-selected species in terms of number of offspring?
How do K-selected species typically differ from r-selected species in terms of number of offspring?
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What distinguishes primary succession from secondary succession?
What distinguishes primary succession from secondary succession?
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How do K-selected species usually reproduce compared to r-selected species?
How do K-selected species usually reproduce compared to r-selected species?
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What are the effects of El Niño on the ocean surface temperature and upwelling?
What are the effects of El Niño on the ocean surface temperature and upwelling?
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Which of the following practices contributed to the Green Revolution?
Which of the following practices contributed to the Green Revolution?
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What is one major environmental impact of clearcutting?
What is one major environmental impact of clearcutting?
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What is a characteristic of La Niña compared to El Niño?
What is a characteristic of La Niña compared to El Niño?
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How can over-irrigation negatively affect soil quality?
How can over-irrigation negatively affect soil quality?
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What is the primary goal of slash-and-burn farming in tropical regions?
What is the primary goal of slash-and-burn farming in tropical regions?
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What is a drawback of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)?
What is a drawback of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)?
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What is meant by the 'tragedy of the commons'?
What is meant by the 'tragedy of the commons'?
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Study Notes
Species Interactions
- Predator-Prey: One organism (predator) consumes another (prey). Example: Lion and Zebra
- Mutualism: Symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit. Example: Bees and Flowers
- Commensalism: Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped. Example: Fleas on a dog
- Parasitism: Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed. Example: Fleas on a dog
Graph Information
- The graph shows rainfall and temperature.
- A trend of ↓ rainfall and ↑ temperature identifies a desert biome.
Biomes
- Freshwater: Rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, wetlands. Important for drinking water, nutrient cycling
- Marine: Oceans, coral reefs, salt marshes, mangroves, estuaries. Important for carbon sinks, oxygen production
Terrestrial Biomes and Characteristics
- Desert: Hot, dry summers, and cool winters with minimal rainfall. Plants are adapted to low water.
- Savanna: Warm temperatures, seasonal rainfall, grasslands with dispersed trees
- Shrubland: Hot, dry summers, and winters that are cool and moist. Plants are adapted to fire.
- Taiga: Cold, long snowy winters, and short, warm summers. Trees with needles and cones
- Temperate Grassland: Hot, dry summers, and cold, snowy winters. Grasses that re-grow yearly.
- Temperate Rainforest: Warm temperatures, abundant rainfall, large trees, and dense canopy
- Temperate Seasonal Forest: Warm summers, cold winters, seasonal rainfall. Broadleaf trees with deciduous characteristics
- Tropical Rainforest: Warm temperatures, high rainfall, diverse plant life, dense canopy
Carbon Cycle
- Diagram has labels for oceans, atmosphere, plants, sediments, and animals
- Reservoirs with long periods: Sediments and fossil fuels
- Processes that cycle carbon in living organisms: Photosynthesis, Respiration, Decomposition
- How humans alter the carbon cycle: Burning fossil fuels releases carbon, Deforestation alters carbon sinks
Species Generalists and Specialists
- Generalist: A species with a broad diet or tolerance in habitat or environment. Example: Golden eagle
- Specialist: A species with a narrow diet or tolerance of habitat or environments. Example: Giant panda
Invasive Species and Indicator Species
- Specialist species are more likely to be impacted first by an invasive species.
- Indicator species are those that are most susceptible to environmental changes and can help identify changes.
Population Growth
- Humans altering carbon cycle impacts populations.
- Populations vary, growing and shrinking as resources and environmental conditions change
Population Growth Curves
- Type I: Low death rates at early and middle ages, and high death rates near the end of life span. Curve is "convex."
- Type II: Constant death rate at all ages. Curve is "diagonal"
- Type III: High death rates early in life and much lower death rates for the organisms that survive. Curve is "concave."
- Carrying capacity, overshoot, etc, are included in the graph.
- Fewer resources lower capacity.
Demographic Measures
- Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime
- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Number of deaths under one year old per 1000 live births
Demographic Transition Model
- Stage 1 (Pre-industrial): High birth rates and high death rates
- Stage 2 (Transitional): High birth rates but lower death rates due to improvements in public health
- Stage 3 (Industrial): Birth rates begin to decline
- Stage 4 (Post-industrial): Low birth and low death rates
Plate Boundaries
- Convergent: Plates collide. Earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges
- Divergent: Plates move apart. Earthquakes, seafloor spreading
- Transform: Plates slide past each other. Earthquakes.
Land and Water Use:
- Tragedy of the Commons: Overuse of a shared resource
- Forests: Provide carbon sinks, prevent soil erosion, improve aeration
- Clearcutting: Removes trees, leads to soil erosion, and increase temperature
- Burning trees: Adds carbon to the atmosphere
- Green Revolution: Increases agricultural efficiency including monoculture, fertilizer, and pesticides
- Water Resources: Water pollution, overgrazing, and unsustainable practices can result in desertification
Soil and Atmosphere
- Organic matter, sand, silt, and clay affect water-holding capacity and permeability
- Layers of the atmosphere: Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere.
- Solar radiation and Earth's tilt affect temperature distribution.
- Watersheds: Land areas that drain water to a common body.
Irrigation and Urbanization
- Irrigation methods (drip, flood, spray, furrow)
- Impacts of urbanization (resource use, waste production, habitat loss, and pollution)
- Urban sprawl: expansion of cities into surrounding areas
- Impervious surfaces can prevent water from infiltrating soil, increasing run-off
- Negative impact of livestock and overfishing on the environment
- Impacts of different meat production practices
Other Points
- Saltwater intrusion: Movement of salt water into freshwater aquifers in coastal areas when water tables are lowered by overpumping.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the relationships between species and the characteristics of various biomes. This quiz covers predator-prey dynamics, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and specific biome features, including freshwater and marine ecosystems. Challenge yourself with questions about rainfall, temperature trends, and adaptations of organisms.
