Biomes and Species Interactions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of species interaction occurs when one organism benefits while the other is not harmed?

  • Commensalism (correct)
  • Mutualism
  • Predator-Prey
  • Parasitism

Which biome is characterized by hot summers, cold winters, and consist mainly of broadleaf trees?

  • Taiga
  • Tropical Rainforest
  • Temperate Seasonal Forest (correct)
  • Desert

What is a primary importance of freshwater biomes to living organisms?

  • Habitat for coral reefs
  • Source of oxygen
  • Source of drinking water (correct)
  • High biodiversity

Which type of species interaction is exemplified by fleas living on dogs?

<p>Parasitism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which biome would you expect to find permafrost and a short growing season?

<p>Tundra (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental characteristic defines a tropical rainforest?

<p>High diversity of plants with a canopy that prevents sunlight from reaching the ground (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biomes is NOT a freshwater biome?

<p>Coral Reefs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a shrubland biome?

<p>Plants adapted to fire and hot dry summers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a specialist species in relation to diet and habitat?

<p>A species that thrives in a single habitat with limited dietary options. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do humans contribute to alterations in the carbon cycle?

<p>By burning fossil fuels and deforestation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reservoirs is most likely to store carbon for the shortest time?

<p>Atmosphere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do plants primarily use to convert carbon dioxide into organic matter?

<p>Photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes contributes to the long-term storage of carbon?

<p>Compaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are giant pandas more vulnerable to habitat loss compared to golden eagles?

<p>They have a narrow habitat range and specialized diet. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do marine organisms play in the carbon cycle?

<p>Involved in exchange and decomposition processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs correctly identifies a generalist and a specialist species?

<p>Golden Eagle - Giant Panda (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to a higher total fertility rate (TFR)?

<p>Having children early in life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the second stage of the demographic transition model?

<p>Low birth rates with declining death rates leading to population growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the replacement-level fertility in developing countries primarily due to?

<p>Higher infant mortality rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected population growth rate with a birth rate of 112 and a death rate of 87 per 1,000 people?

<p>2.5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geologic events are expected at a convergent plate boundary?

<p>Earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long will it take a population with a growth rate of 1.3% per year to double in size?

<p>53.8 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of demographic transition is characterized by low birth and low death rates?

<p>Stage 4 - Postindustrial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plate boundary is characterized by lateral movement with minimal geological activity?

<p>Transform (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics are generally associated with species that experience Type I survivorship curves?

<p>High parental care and a long life span (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects a characteristic of species with a Type III survivorship curve?

<p>Many offspring die before reaching reproductive maturity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a deer population if the food supply decreases?

<p>Carrying capacity decreases due to limited resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a stable population depicted in terms of age structure?

<p>As a box shape with equal cohort sizes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of an indicator species?

<p>They are particularly sensitive to environmental changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about island biogeography is accurate?

<p>Closer proximity to mainland increases species diversity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic measure is described by a broad-based pyramid shape in population age structure?

<p>Rapidly growing population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a species categorized as K-selected?

<p>They provide high parental care and have longer life spans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do pioneer species play in an ecosystem undergoing primary succession?

<p>They help break down soil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to biomass and species richness as succession progresses in an ecosystem?

<p>Both increase over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of a constant loss survivorship curve (Type II)?

<p>All age classes have the same chance of dying. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of a high level of impact by invasive species on a population?

<p>Higher mortality rates in native populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can't an ecosystem maintain normal function if a keystone species is removed?

<p>They play a critical role in maintaining the structure of the ecosystem. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do K-selected species typically differ from r-selected species in terms of number of offspring?

<p>r-selected species usually have numerous offspring in a short time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes primary succession from secondary succession?

<p>Primary succession occurs in a barren environment without soil. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do K-selected species usually reproduce compared to r-selected species?

<p>They typically reproduce multiple times per year. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of El Niño on the ocean surface temperature and upwelling?

<p>Warmer ocean surface temperature and weakened upwelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices contributed to the Green Revolution?

<p>Monocropping and increased fertilizer usage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major environmental impact of clearcutting?

<p>Increases soil temperature due to more sunlight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of La Niña compared to El Niño?

<p>Strengthened trade winds and cooler ocean surface temperatures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can over-irrigation negatively affect soil quality?

<p>It can lead to waterlogging and depletion of aquifers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of slash-and-burn farming in tropical regions?

<p>Adding nutrients back to nutrient-poor soil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)?

<p>Increased risk of disease among livestock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the 'tragedy of the commons'?

<p>Overuse of shared resources by individuals acting in their self-interest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Predator-Prey

A relationship where one organism (the predator) eats another organism (the prey).

Mutualism

A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit from the interaction.

Commensalism

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

Parasitism

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the other.

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Tundra

A biome characterized by cold temperatures year-round, little rainfall, permafrost, and a short growing season. Plants include grasses, lichen, and moss.

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Temperate Seasonal Forest

A biome characterized by hot summers, cold winters, and seasonal rainfall. Plants include broadleaf trees that lose their leaves in the fall.

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Tropical Rainforest

A biome characterized by warm temperatures year-round and high levels of rainfall. Plants include vines, palms, orchids, and ferns.

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Temperate Grassland

A biome characterized by hot summers, cold winters, and moderate rainfall. Plants include grasses that regrow each year.

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Savanna

A biome characterized by grassy plains with scattered trees, adapted to seasonal wildfires.

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Photosynthesis

The process of converting carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into organic compounds by plants.

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Respiration

The process of releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as a byproduct of respiration.

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Decomposition

The breakdown of dead organic matter, releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

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Specialist species

A species that has a narrow range of tolerance for environmental changes, such as a specialized diet or habitat.

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Generalist species

A species that can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, such as a varied diet and habitat.

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Carbon Compaction

The process of carbon being stored in the earth for long periods, like in sediments and fossils.

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Combustion

The process of carbon being released into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels.

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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of infants who die before reaching their first birthday per 1000 live births.

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Population Growth Rate

The rate at which a population is increasing or decreasing.

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Doubling Time

The time it takes for a population to double in size.

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Demographic Transition Model

A model that describes the population growth of a country as it transitions from a pre-industrial stage to a post-industrial stage.

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Convergent Plate Boundary

Two tectonic plates move toward each other.

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Divergent Plate Boundary

Two tectonic plates move away from each other.

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Transform Plate Boundary

Two tectonic plates slide past each other.

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Type I Survivorship Curve

A type of survivorship curve where most individuals survive to old age, with mortality rates increasing sharply later in life. This is typical of species with high parental care and long lifespans.

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Type II Survivorship Curve

A type of survivorship curve where the mortality rate is constant throughout the lifespan. This means individuals have an equal chance of dying at any age. This type of curve is typical of species with moderate parental care and intermediate lifespans.

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Type III Survivorship Curve

A type of survivorship curve where a high proportion of offspring die early in life, with mortality rates declining sharply later in life. This pattern is characteristic of species with low parental care and short lifespans.

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Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain given available resources.

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Logistic Growth

Population growth pattern where the population size increases exponentially at first, but then slows down as the population approaches carrying capacity.

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Age Structure Diagram

A representation of the age structure of a population, showing the relative proportions of individuals in different age groups.

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Birth Rate

The number of births per 1000 individuals in a population per year.

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Death Rate

The number of deaths per 1000 individuals in a population per year.

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What is an indicator species?

A species that is particularly sensitive to changes in the environment and can be used to identify environmental changes because their populations fluctuate in response to these changes.

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What is adaptability?

The ability of a species to adapt to changes in the environment, such as the introduction of a new species.

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How do island size and proximity to mainland affect species diversity?

Islands closer to mainland and larger islands tend to have more species diversity due to colonization events, larger habitat areas, and greater resources.

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Why do island species become specialists?

Species on islands often evolve to become specialists because they have fewer resources and higher competition. This means they are better adapted to use specific resources with less competition.

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What is a pioneer species?

The first organisms to colonize a barren area, such as a newly formed volcanic island or a glacier that has retreated, are known as pioneer species. They play an important role in breaking down rocks and creating soil, paving the way for other species to colonize the habitat.

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What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

Primary succession is the process of ecological change in a newly formed area where no previous life has existed. Secondary succession is similar but occurs when life is already present and the ecosystem is disturbed.

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Why are keystone species important?

Keystone species are species that have a disproportionately large impact on the structure and function of their ecosystem. Removal of a keystone species can cause major changes and destabilization of an ecosystem. Apex predators are often keystone species, like wolves in Yellowstone.

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What is the difference between K-selected and r-selected species?

K-selected species have a slower reproductive rate, they typically have fewer offspring, invest more energy in parenting, and live longer lives. R-selected species have a faster reproductive rate, they typically have many offspring, invest less energy in parenting, and have shorter lifespans.

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Commons

A shared resource that is available for use by anyone, like air, water, or the ocean.

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Tragedy of the Commons

The depletion of a shared resource by individuals acting in their own self-interest, leading to its degradation or exhaustion.

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Ecosystem Services

The benefits provided by ecosystems to humans, such as clean air, water, pollination, and carbon sequestration.

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Clearcutting

The practice of cutting down all trees in an area, which can lead to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and carbon release.

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Burning Trees

The process of burning trees, which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and can contribute to climate change.

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Green Revolution

A period of rapid agricultural development in the mid-20th century that focused on increasing food production using modern technologies and practices.

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Intensive Agriculture

A type of agriculture that uses high inputs of fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation, but can lead to environmental problems such as water pollution, soil degradation, and loss of biodiversity.

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Slash-and-Burn Farming

A practice used in tropical regions to clear land for agriculture by burning vegetation, which releases nutrients into the soil but can also lead to soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of biodiversity.

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Study Notes

Species Interactions

  • Predator-Prey: One organism (predator) consumes another (prey). Example: Lion and Zebra
  • Mutualism: Symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit. Example: Bees and Flowers
  • Commensalism: Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped. Example: Fleas on a dog
  • Parasitism: Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed. Example: Fleas on a dog

Graph Information

  • The graph shows rainfall and temperature.
  • A trend of ↓ rainfall and ↑ temperature identifies a desert biome.

Biomes

  • Freshwater: Rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, wetlands. Important for drinking water, nutrient cycling
  • Marine: Oceans, coral reefs, salt marshes, mangroves, estuaries. Important for carbon sinks, oxygen production

Terrestrial Biomes and Characteristics

  • Desert: Hot, dry summers, and cool winters with minimal rainfall. Plants are adapted to low water.
  • Savanna: Warm temperatures, seasonal rainfall, grasslands with dispersed trees
  • Shrubland: Hot, dry summers, and winters that are cool and moist. Plants are adapted to fire.
  • Taiga: Cold, long snowy winters, and short, warm summers. Trees with needles and cones
  • Temperate Grassland: Hot, dry summers, and cold, snowy winters. Grasses that re-grow yearly.
  • Temperate Rainforest: Warm temperatures, abundant rainfall, large trees, and dense canopy
  • Temperate Seasonal Forest: Warm summers, cold winters, seasonal rainfall. Broadleaf trees with deciduous characteristics
  • Tropical Rainforest: Warm temperatures, high rainfall, diverse plant life, dense canopy

Carbon Cycle

  • Diagram has labels for oceans, atmosphere, plants, sediments, and animals
  • Reservoirs with long periods: Sediments and fossil fuels
  • Processes that cycle carbon in living organisms: Photosynthesis, Respiration, Decomposition
  • How humans alter the carbon cycle: Burning fossil fuels releases carbon, Deforestation alters carbon sinks

Species Generalists and Specialists

  • Generalist: A species with a broad diet or tolerance in habitat or environment. Example: Golden eagle
  • Specialist: A species with a narrow diet or tolerance of habitat or environments. Example: Giant panda

Invasive Species and Indicator Species

  • Specialist species are more likely to be impacted first by an invasive species.
  • Indicator species are those that are most susceptible to environmental changes and can help identify changes.

Population Growth

  • Humans altering carbon cycle impacts populations.
  • Populations vary, growing and shrinking as resources and environmental conditions change

Population Growth Curves

  • Type I: Low death rates at early and middle ages, and high death rates near the end of life span. Curve is "convex."
  • Type II: Constant death rate at all ages. Curve is "diagonal"
  • Type III: High death rates early in life and much lower death rates for the organisms that survive. Curve is "concave."
  • Carrying capacity, overshoot, etc, are included in the graph.
  • Fewer resources lower capacity.

Demographic Measures

  • Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime
  • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Number of deaths under one year old per 1000 live births

Demographic Transition Model

  • Stage 1 (Pre-industrial): High birth rates and high death rates
  • Stage 2 (Transitional): High birth rates but lower death rates due to improvements in public health
  • Stage 3 (Industrial): Birth rates begin to decline
  • Stage 4 (Post-industrial): Low birth and low death rates

Plate Boundaries

  • Convergent: Plates collide. Earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges
  • Divergent: Plates move apart. Earthquakes, seafloor spreading
  • Transform: Plates slide past each other. Earthquakes.

Land and Water Use:

  • Tragedy of the Commons: Overuse of a shared resource
  • Forests: Provide carbon sinks, prevent soil erosion, improve aeration
  • Clearcutting: Removes trees, leads to soil erosion, and increase temperature
  • Burning trees: Adds carbon to the atmosphere
  • Green Revolution: Increases agricultural efficiency including monoculture, fertilizer, and pesticides
  • Water Resources: Water pollution, overgrazing, and unsustainable practices can result in desertification

Soil and Atmosphere

  • Organic matter, sand, silt, and clay affect water-holding capacity and permeability
  • Layers of the atmosphere: Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere.
  • Solar radiation and Earth's tilt affect temperature distribution.
  • Watersheds: Land areas that drain water to a common body.

Irrigation and Urbanization

  • Irrigation methods (drip, flood, spray, furrow)
  • Impacts of urbanization (resource use, waste production, habitat loss, and pollution)
  • Urban sprawl: expansion of cities into surrounding areas
  • Impervious surfaces can prevent water from infiltrating soil, increasing run-off
  • Negative impact of livestock and overfishing on the environment
  • Impacts of different meat production practices

Other Points

  • Saltwater intrusion: Movement of salt water into freshwater aquifers in coastal areas when water tables are lowered by overpumping.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the relationships between species and the characteristics of various biomes. This quiz covers predator-prey dynamics, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and specific biome features, including freshwater and marine ecosystems. Challenge yourself with questions about rainfall, temperature trends, and adaptations of organisms.

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