Questions and Answers
What primarily influences the development of cancellous bone?
Which type of stress is bone strongest in resisting?
Which category of bone includes the vertebrae?
What is the main process through which long bones develop?
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What term describes the healthy response of bone to mechanical stress?
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Which hormone or factor is NOT listed as influencing bone strength?
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What happens to bone density with increased physical activity?
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What effect does physical inactivity have on bone structure?
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Which type of bone is characterized by high porosity and is typically found in areas requiring absorption of forces?
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What contributes to the stiffness of bone tissue?
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Which of the following statements about bone structure is true?
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What happens during three-point bending of a bone?
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Which statement is accurate regarding the mechanical characteristics of cortical and cancellous bone?
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What is the primary purpose of bone in the human body?
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During which type of loading does more complicated stress distribution occur, leading to both compressive and tensile stresses?
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What does a lower percentage of bone mineralization in a person typically indicate?
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What type of joint is classified as synarthrosis?
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Which type of slightly movable joint is characterized by hyaline cartilage?
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of freely movable (diarthrodial) joints?
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What is the primary structural component that distinguishes a syndesmosis joint?
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In terms of movement capabilities, which joint type is classified as uniaxial?
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Which joint type is an example of an amphiarthrosis?
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Which of the following joints allows for the greatest range of motion?
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Which of the following criteria is not associated with freely movable joints?
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What is the initial stage of osteoporosis called?
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Which type of fracture involves bone ends remaining within soft tissue?
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What loading type is characterized by repeated application of a lower magnitude?
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What type of joint provides significant mobility and has a complex structure with multiple axes of movement?
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Which of the following is a function of ligaments?
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What is the primary composition of articular/hyaline cartilage?
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Which type of cartilage is known for providing lubrication and shock absorption in joints?
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What characterizes a stress fracture?
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What is the primary role of synovial fluid in joints?
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Which statement best describes anisotropic effects in relation to bone?
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What type of joint movement is primarily associated with gliding joints?
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Which of the following joints is an example of a hinge joint?
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What describes the movement capability of a pivot joint?
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Which joint type is characterized by oval-shaped articulating surfaces, allowing for movement in two planes?
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Which joint has the greatest range of movement due to its saddle shape?
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What does joint stability primarily depend on?
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In which position does a joint have maximum contact surface?
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Which joint type is characterized as triaxial, allowing movement in multiple axes?
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Study Notes
Tissue and Stress-Strain Concepts
- Tissue is defined as a structure rather than a material; it plays a critical role in biomechanics.
- Stress-strain or load-deformation curves illustrate the relationship between stress (load) and strain (deformation) in materials.
- Bone exhibits the highest stiffness in human tissues, while skin has the least; tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and muscle have varying stiffness levels in between.
Loading Configurations
- Bending represents a complex loading form, causing compressive stress on one side and tensile stress on the opposite.
- Three-point bending failure occurs at the midpoint of force application, while four-point bending failure occurs at the weakest point between two divided forces, leading to changes in shape and direction.
Bone Structure and Function
- Bones serve multiple purposes: protecting organs, storing minerals, facilitating hematopoiesis, and acting as levers for movement.
- The gross structure of bone includes calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, and water, with CaC and CaP making up 60-70% of dry bone weight.
Bone Composition and Organization
- Bone mineralization varies by age and anatomical location, affecting porosity and structure.
- Low porosity (5-30%) characterizes cortical (compact) bone, while high porosity (30-90%) defines cancellous (spongy) bone.
Bone Porosity
- Porosity affects mechanical properties; higher mineral content in cortical bone makes it stiffer, while cancellous bone can withstand greater strain due to lower mineral content.
- Cancellous bone is found in areas needing to absorb forces, whereas cortical bone is situated in high-stress regions.
Bone Growth and Adaptation
- Bone responds dynamically to mechanical force, with density influenced by stress magnitude and direction (Wolff’s Law).
- Bone hypertrophy occurs with increased activity and stress, while atrophy results from decreased activity, like sedentary behavior.
Osteoporosis and Fractures
- Osteoporosis is characterized by bone atrophy and increased fracture risk, particularly post-menopause.
- Fractures happen when loads exceed the bone's capacity, influenced by force magnitude, duration, rate, bone geometry, porosity, and health.
Types of Fractures
- Fracture types include avulsions, spiral, compression, greenstick, stress, and epiphyseal fractures, each resulting from various mechanical loads.
Joint Structures and Functions
- Joints facilitate movement based on their types; categorized into immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints.
- Immovable joints (synarthroses) include sutures and syndesmoses, allowing little to no movement.
Slightly Movable and Freely Movable Joints
- Slightly movable joints (amphiarthroses) include synchondroses (hyaline cartilage) and symphyses (fibrocartilaginous discs).
- Freely movable joints (diarthroses) are classified by movement capabilities, including gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball & socket joints.
Joint Architecture and Stability
- Joint stability relates to the ability to resist dislocation, influenced by the shape of articulating surfaces and soft tissue support.
- Close-packed positions maximize joint surface contact, while loose-packed positions minimize it, differing across various joints.
Key Properties of Articular Tissues
- Ligaments connect bones and stabilize joints passively, composed significantly of collagen.
- Articular (hyaline) cartilage protects joint surfaces, allowing for load distribution and reducing friction during movement.
Summary of Joint Types and Their Characteristics
- Joint types vary in structure and movement range, with axes of rotation determining their categorization:
- Uniaxial joints (e.g. hinge, pivot)
- Biaxial joints (e.g. condyloid, saddle)
- Triaxial joints (e.g. ball & socket)
Joint Stability Factors
- Joint stability is dependent on both the geometry of articulating surfaces and the quality of surrounding soft tissues, varying widely across the body's joints.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in biomechanics, focusing on tissue properties and stress-strain relationships. It explores the structural roles of various human tissues and the effects of different loading configurations, specifically bending. Understand the mechanical behavior of bones and their functions within the human body.
