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Questions and Answers
What is one of the main functions of the spine?
How many movable vertebrae are there in the human spine?
What type of joints are the facet joints?
What is the primary function of the intervertebral disk?
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What is the name of the ligament that runs the length of the spine anteriorly and restricts extension?
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What is the name of the ligament that connects the lamina and provides additional protection for nerves?
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What is the degree of freedom in flexion/extension of the spine?
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What is the name of the structure that connects the vertebral bodies?
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What percentage of weight absorption is attributed to the facet joints?
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How many curvatures are present in the human spine?
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What is the main function of the dorsal portion of nerve roots?
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Which joint provides rotational motion and is located between C1 and C2?
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What is the main ligament that holds the dens of C2 against the atlas?
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What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?
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Which cervical spine movement involves the convex rule?
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During cervical spine flexion, what happens to the intracervical facet joints?
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What happens to the atlantoaxial facet joints during rotation to the right?
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What is the main function of the ventral portion of nerve roots?
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Which ligament provides stability to the atlanto-occipital joint?
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During cervical spine lateral flexion to the right, what happens to the intracervical facet joints?
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What is the arthrokinematic movement of the facet joints during flexion in the thoracolumbar spine?
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What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the back and neck in terms of posture?
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What is the result of bilateral activation of the erector spinae muscle?
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What is the arthrokinematic movement of the intracervical facet joints during lateral flexion?
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What is the function of the transversospinal and short segmental muscles during bilateral activation?
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What is the result of unilateral activation of the erector spinae muscle?
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What is the arthrokinematic movement of the facet joints during rotation in the thoracolumbar spine?
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What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the back and neck in terms of movement?
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What is the result of bilateral activation of the transversospinal and short segmental muscles?
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What is the arthrokinematic movement of the facet joints during extension in the thoracolumbar spine?
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Study Notes
Biomechanics of the Spine
- The spine has three main functions: protection of the spinal cord, providing mobility and stability to the trunk, and absorbing and transmitting forces.
Organization of the Spine
- The spine consists of 24 movable vertebrae, divided into 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae.
- There are 8-10 fused vertebrae, including 5 sacral and 3-5 coccyx vertebrae.
- The spine has four curvatures: thoracic and sacral (primary), and cervical and lumbar (secondary).
Functional Unit of the Spine: Vertebra
- The vertebra is the functional unit of the spine.
Vertebral Types
- There are different types of vertebrae, but the text does not specify them.
Spine Osteokinematics
- The spine has degrees of freedom, including flexion/extension, lateral flexion, and axial rotation.
- Each individual joint has its own range of motion (ROM), and multiple segments have a cumulative effect.
- Different levels of the spine have different mobility, including cervical, thoracic, and lumbar.
Joints of the Human Spine
- The spine has two types of joints: intervertebral joints and facet joints.
- Intervertebral joints are between vertebral bodies, with 24 joints and a symphysis.
- The intervertebral disk consists of the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus, and acts as a weight shock absorber and motion.
- Facet joints are between articular processes, with 2 joints in each segment (24 pairs), and allow for translational movement (gliding).
- Facet joints limit motion and absorb weight (20%).
Arthrokinematics at the Facet Joints
- The facet joints have arthrokinematics, including gliding movements.
Spinal Stability
- The spine has passive and active structures that contribute to stability.
- Passive structures include intervertebral disks, facet joints, and ligaments (anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, supraspinous ligament, intertransverse ligaments, and ligamentum flavum).
- Active structures include muscles and tendons.
Nerve Roots
- Nerve roots exit through the intervertebral foramen and are responsible for motor and sensory functions.
- Nerve roots have ventral and dorsal portions, with ventral responsible for motor function and dorsal responsible for sensory function.
Cervical Spine
- The cervical spine consists of upper (C1-C2) and lower (C3-C7) regions.
- The atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2) provides rotational motion, and the atlanto-occipital joint (C0-C1) is an ellipsoid joint.
- The cervical spine has specific osteokinematics and arthrokinematics for flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral flexion.
Thoracolumbar Spine
- The thoracolumbar spine has specific osteokinematics and arthrokinematics for flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
- The facet joints in the thoracolumbar spine have gliding movements during these motions.
Kinetics of the Spine: Intrinsic Muscles of the Back and Neck
- The intrinsic muscles of the back and neck control posture, stabilize the trunk, pelvis, head, and neck, and produce movement.
- These muscles include erector spinae, transversospinal and short segmental (deep), and anterior-lateral muscles.
- Bilateral and unilateral activation of these muscles produce different movements and stabilizations.
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Description
Learn about the main functions and organization of the spine, including its protection of the spinal cord, mobility, and stability. Explore the different types of vertebrae and curvatures.
