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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the ventral portion of nerve roots?
What is the primary function of the ventral portion of nerve roots?
What type of joint is the central atlanto-odontoid joint?
What type of joint is the central atlanto-odontoid joint?
Which ligament holds the dens of C2 against the atlas?
Which ligament holds the dens of C2 against the atlas?
What is the shape of the atlanto-occipital joint?
What is the shape of the atlanto-occipital joint?
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What happens to the occipital bone during flexion of the atlanto-occipital joint?
What happens to the occipital bone during flexion of the atlanto-occipital joint?
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What occurs in the intracervical facet joints during flexion of the cervical spine?
What occurs in the intracervical facet joints during flexion of the cervical spine?
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What is the movement of the atlas during right lateral flexion of the atlanto-occipital joint?
What is the movement of the atlas during right lateral flexion of the atlanto-occipital joint?
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What occurs in the atlantoaxial facet joints during rotation of the cervical spine?
What occurs in the atlantoaxial facet joints during rotation of the cervical spine?
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What is the function of the transverse ligament of the atlas in the atlantoaxial joint?
What is the function of the transverse ligament of the atlas in the atlantoaxial joint?
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What is the primary function of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
What is the primary function of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
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What is the main function of the spine in terms of mobility?
What is the main function of the spine in terms of mobility?
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How many movable vertebrae are present in the spine?
How many movable vertebrae are present in the spine?
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What is the primary function of the intervertebral disk?
What is the primary function of the intervertebral disk?
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What is the type of joint formed between vertebral bodies?
What is the type of joint formed between vertebral bodies?
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What is the function of the facet joints?
What is the function of the facet joints?
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Which ligament restricts extension in the spine?
Which ligament restricts extension in the spine?
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What is the degree of freedom in the spine that allows for twisting movements?
What is the degree of freedom in the spine that allows for twisting movements?
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How many pairs of facet joints are present in the spine?
How many pairs of facet joints are present in the spine?
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What is the direction of glide during left lateral flexion in the intracervical facet joints?
What is the direction of glide during left lateral flexion in the intracervical facet joints?
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What is the primary function of the intrinsic muscles of the back and neck?
What is the primary function of the intrinsic muscles of the back and neck?
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What is the name of the ligament that runs the length of the spine posteriorly over the spinous processes?
What is the name of the ligament that runs the length of the spine posteriorly over the spinous processes?
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What is the function of the nucleus pulposus in the intervertebral disk?
What is the function of the nucleus pulposus in the intervertebral disk?
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What happens during bilateral activation of the erector spinae muscle?
What happens during bilateral activation of the erector spinae muscle?
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What is the direction of glide during flexion in the thoracolumbar facet joints?
What is the direction of glide during flexion in the thoracolumbar facet joints?
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What is the function of the transversospinal and short segmental muscles during bilateral activation?
What is the function of the transversospinal and short segmental muscles during bilateral activation?
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What is the direction of glide during extension in the thoracolumbar facet joints?
What is the direction of glide during extension in the thoracolumbar facet joints?
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What is the effect of unilateral activation of the erector spinae muscle on the spine?
What is the effect of unilateral activation of the erector spinae muscle on the spine?
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What is the direction of glide during rotation in the thoracolumbar facet joints?
What is the direction of glide during rotation in the thoracolumbar facet joints?
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What is the function of the transversospinal and short segmental muscles during unilateral activation?
What is the function of the transversospinal and short segmental muscles during unilateral activation?
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What is the characteristic of the atlanto-axial facet joints?
What is the characteristic of the atlanto-axial facet joints?
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Study Notes
Biomechanics of the Spine
- The spine's main functions include protecting the spinal cord, providing mobility and stability to the trunk, and absorbing and transmitting forces.
Organization of the Spine
- The spine is composed of 24 movable vertebrae (cervical 7, thoracic 12, lumbar 5) and 8-10 fused vertebrae (sacral 5, coccyx 3-5).
- There are 4 curvatures in the spine: thoracic and sacral (primary), and cervical and lumbar (secondary).
Functional Unit of the Spine: Vertebra
- The vertebra is the functional unit of the spine.
Vertebral Types
- There are different types of vertebrae.
Spine Osteokinematics
- The spine has degrees of freedom in flexion/extension, lateral flexion, and axial rotation.
- Each individual joint has its own range of motion, and multiple segments have a cumulative effect.
- Different levels of the spine (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) have different mobilities.
Joints of the Human Spine
- Intervertebral joints (24) are between vertebral bodies and consist of symphysis and intervertebral disk (nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus).
- Facet joints/zygapophyseal joints (2 joints in each segment) are between articular processes and allow translational movement (gliding).
Arthrokinematics at the Facet Joints
- Facet joints allow and guide back motion, limit motion, and absorb weight (20%).
Spinal Stability
- Passive structures that contribute to spinal stability include intervertebral disks, facet joints and capsule, and ligaments (anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal, supraspinous, intertransverse, and ligamentum flavum).
- Active structures that contribute to spinal stability include muscles and tendons.
- Nerve roots exit through the intervertebral foramen and are responsible for motor and sensory functions.
Cervical Spine
- The cervical spine is divided into upper (C1-C2) and lower (C3-C7) regions.
- The atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2) provides rotational motion and consists of the central atlanto-odontoid joint and two lateral atlanto-axial facet joints.
- The atlanto-occipital joint (C0-C1) is an ellipsoid joint that allows flexion and extension.
Cervical Spine Osteokinematics and Arthrokinematics
- The cervical spine has specific osteokinematic and arthrokinematic characteristics for flexion-extension, rotation, and lateral flexion.
Thoracolumbar Spine Osteokinematics and Arthrokinematics
- The thoracolumbar spine has specific osteokinematic and arthrokinematic characteristics for flexion-extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
Kinetics of the Spine: Intrinsic Muscles of the Back and Neck
- Intrinsic muscles of the back and neck control posture, stabilize the trunk, pelvis, head, and neck, and produce movement.
- Examples of intrinsic muscles include erector spinae, transversospinal, and short segmental muscles, as well as anterior-lateral muscles.
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Description
Learn about the main functions and organization of the spine, including its vertebrae, curvatures, and mobility. Understand the protection of the spinal cord and how the spine provides stability and absorbs forces.
