Biomechanics in Sports and Physical Therapy

Mechanics

• Mechanics is the branch of physics dealing with the behavior of physical bodies subjected to forces (kinetics) or displacements (kinematics)
• Classic mechanics deals with particles at rest or moving at velocity less than the speed of light
• Biomechanics is a science applying the laws of mechanics to biological systems
• It uses mathematics, physics, engineering, computer science and biology and describes biological materials and their responses to forces and torques

Biomechanics

• Biomechanics analyses bone, soft tissue, artificial structures, and musculoskeletal systems
• It investigates implant design and testing, including metal fatigue
• It models human movement and describes the forces causing it
• It studies the interaction of man-made materials with the musculoskeletal system

Biomechanics in Sports and Physical therapy

• Biomechanics in sports and physical therapy improves performance and identifies areas requiring improvement
• Measurements provide objective evaluation
• The analysis of injuries, their mechanisms, and interventions is facilitated
• It helps understand biological systems

Biomechanics in the workplace

• Ergonomics teaches workers proper posture and techniques to avoid injuries
• It designs safer workplaces and tasks
• It addresses overuse injuries, which are related to repetition, not force levels

Methods of Analysis in Biomechanics

• Statics examines systems not undergoing acceleration but in equilibrium
• Dynamics studies systems in motion due to unbalanced forces causing acceleration.
• Pseudo-static analysis assumes that particular moments can be viewed as static equilibriums

Kinematics and Kinetics

• Kinematics describes movement without considering forces
• Kinetics studies the forces and momentum acting during movement
• Kinematics evaluates position, velocity, and acceleration (linear or angular)
• Kinetics considers force and momentum (linear or angular) and interrelationships between them

Biomechanics (Functionally)

• Kinematics describes the motion of a body irrespective of the forces causing it.
• Kinetics describes the forces and interactions affecting a body's movement over time
• Quantitative analysis involves numerical evaluation of movement
• Qualitative analysis evaluates movement based on observation, not measurements

Biomechanics in Joint Replacement

• Reverse anatomy glenohumeral joint replacement is used for rotator cuff arthropathy
• Joint centers are offset to provide increased lever arms for the deltoid muscle function

Modern Motion Analysis Systems

• Systems, such as Vicon and CODA, are used to track marker movements in 3D space
• Allows for the calculation of linear and angular motion in each direction

Segmental Analysis

• The human skeleton is often approximated as a series of links
• Stick figures are used to simplify musculoskeletal representations

Types of Joint Movement

• Joints usually have one or more degrees of freedom
• Different types of joints, such as hinge, ball-and-socket, and gliding joints, have distinct movement properties

Range of Motion (ROM)

• ROM is determined by the structure of a joint, muscle extensibility, and tendon and ligament properties.
• Bone shape, joint stiffness, and soft tissue elasticity all influence ROM.
• ROM is quantified in degrees

Phases of Gait

• Gait is a complex movement pattern
• Different kinetic data analysis techniques assess, via internal/external measurements, forces acting on the body

Kinetics in Biomechanics

• Real-time measurement of internal and external forces within the body is used to inform clinicians.
• Kinetic data includes force, moment, momentum

Forces and Motion

• Net force, applied at or aligned with a body's center of mass, creates linear motion in the direction of the force.
• Force equals mass multiplied by acceleration (F=ma)
• A moment or torque occurs when a net force acts off the center of mass.

Impulses and Momentum

• Impulse causes changes in momentum (Ft = p)
• Momentum is mass times velocity( p = mv)

Work, Energy, and Power

• Energy is the ability to do work
• Work done is the energy transferred (w = Fs)
• Power is the rate at which work is done (P = w/t)

Basic Mechanics Part D: Statics

• Static analysis involves systems in equilibrium, with no acceleration.
• The key is the balance of forces and moments

Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration Over Time

• Kinematic equations describe the relationships between distance, velocity, acceleration, and time
• These calculations can be utilized in simulations, research, and other applications that involve movement analysis

Angular Kinematics

• The object's position changes in relation to a point
• Angular velocity evaluates motion around an axis
• Angular acceleration determines changes in angular velocity

Inertia

• Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion.
• It varies depending on mass and mass distribution
• Inertias for different shapes and motions have formulas

Explore the fascinating field of biomechanics as it applies to sports and physical therapy. This quiz covers the principles of mechanics, the analysis of biological systems, and the enhancements in human performance through biomechanics. Discover how mathematical and physical laws impact movement and rehabilitation.