Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Frameworks

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Questions and Answers

What best describes osteokinematics?

Movements that involve fixed distal segments.

Voluntary joint movements of bones relative to each other. (correct)

Involuntary movements occurring at joint surfaces.

Active movements initiated by an external force.

Which plane of movement divides the body into left and right segments?

Sagittal Plane (correct)

Transverse Plane

Vertical Plane

Frontal Plane

What is a characteristic of closed kinematic chain movements?

They can cause injuries due to instability.

They lead to more predictable joint mechanics. (correct)

They involve distal segments moving freely in space.

They are initiated by an external force.

What does the convex-concave rule describe?

How surface shapes affect joint motion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an open kinematic chain movement?

Leg extension on a machine. Signup and view all the answers

What role does fascia play during weightlifting?

It transmits force from muscles to bones. Signup and view all the answers

Which axis is associated with sagittal plane movements?

Medio-lateral axis Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is characterized as active movement?

Movement initiated by muscle contraction. Signup and view all the answers

How does cartilage respond to rapid loads?

It becomes stiff and provides stability. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage in joints?

To act as a flexible shock absorber. Signup and view all the answers

What is adaptive modeling in bones?

It refers to bone remodeling stimulated by compressive forces. Signup and view all the answers

What best defines passive movement in the context of joint play?

Movements occurring with external force applied. Signup and view all the answers

What defines voluntary movement in kinematics?

Movement that is consciously controlled by the individual. Signup and view all the answers

In what way do bones act in the body's movement system?

As a system of rigid levers and pulleys. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of fascia during movement?

It stabilizes muscles during activities. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cartilage when the load exceeds its capacity?

It leads to potential damage or injury. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of isometric exercises in rehabilitation?

Restoring strength in immobilized functions Signup and view all the answers

Which technique would be most beneficial for enhancing grip strength in rehabilitation?

Engaging in sensory feedback with textured balls Signup and view all the answers

How can adaptive tools be utilized in rehabilitation for individuals with limited dexterity?

By providing adaptive tools like a rocker knife Signup and view all the answers

What role does the environment play in the rehabilitation framework?

Factors like accessibility can significantly influence engagement. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of physical agent modalities in rehabilitation?

Electrical stimulation before physical therapy Signup and view all the answers

What essential function do skeletal muscles serve in movement?

They allow for voluntary movements like walking. Signup and view all the answers

In what way can involving family members benefit the rehabilitation process?

It supports social interaction and motivation. Signup and view all the answers

How does connective tissue contribute to rehabilitation?

It supports the musculoskeletal system and aids in movement. Signup and view all the answers

What type of stress results in lasting changes in structure?

Permanent stress Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint position allows for more mobility?

Open pack position Signup and view all the answers

What is torque calculated by?

Force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of collinear forces?

Two people pushing a car in the same direction. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term kinetics refer to?

The study of forces related to movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the closed pack position?

It provides maximum fit where ligaments and joint capsules are taut. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of forces, what is a force couple?

Two forces that are opposite and cause rotation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes static equilibrium?

The situation when the sum of forces equals zero. Signup and view all the answers

What type of displacement occurs when movement happens around an axis?

Rotatory (angular) displacement Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates compressive forces?

Pressure sores Signup and view all the answers

In a first-class lever, where is the axis located?

Between the effort and the load Signup and view all the answers

What does a mechanical advantage (MA) of greater than 1 indicate?

The body favors effort Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lever is exemplified by heel raises in standing?

Second-class lever Signup and view all the answers

What defines shear forces?

Forces causing surfaces to slide past each other Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the function of an inclined plane?

Assist in moving loads more efficiently Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of friction during movements?

It can lead to torque on the body Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biomechanical Framework

Restorative care focuses on restoring a tissue or structural anomaly to its original form.
- Examples:
  - Restoring strength using isometric exercises for immobilized functions.
  - Using sensorimotor techniques that involve both sensory and motor function, such as using textured balls for grip strength and sensory feedback.
  - Utilizing graded exercises that incrementally increase intensity, like progressing from light resistance bands to heavier weights for strength training.
  - Employing physical agent modalities, like ultrasound or electrical stimulation, as a preparatory task before physical therapy sessions.
  - Implementing manual techniques, such as joint mobilization or soft tissue massage, to increase range of motion or relieve pain.

Rehabilitation Framework

The PEO model emphasizes the interplay between the person, environment, and occupation:
- Altering or changing the occupation/activity/task involves adapting tasks to suit individual needs, like using adaptive tools for someone with limited dexterity.
- Adapting the task object can involve modifying the object itself, like changing the grip on a toothbrush for someone with arthritis.
- Changing the context involves adjusting the environment to promote participation, like facilitating a community outing in a wheelchair-accessible van.
- Adapting the environment means modifying the surroundings to accommodate individual needs, like installing grab bars and non-slip mats in a home.
- Involving people in the environment can enhance engagement and motivation by incorporating family members or social support into therapy sessions.

Essentials of Movement: Muscles and Connective Tissue

Skeletal muscle operates under voluntary control, allowing for actions like walking and lifting weights.
Connective tissue, encompassing tendons and ligaments, supports the musculoskeletal system.
Fascia, which wraps around muscles and connects to tendons, plays a vital role in movement:
- It helps stabilize muscles during activities like running.
- Fascia provides structural stability for muscles, transmitting force from muscles to bones via tendon insertion.
- Fascia is responsible for passive tension during force production, contributing to effective force generation as muscles lengthen.

Essentials of Movement: Cartilage and Bone

Cartilage serves as a flexible shock absorber, deforming to moderate loads during activities like jumping.
- It behaves like a resilient material, becoming stiffer under rapid loads to resist compression forces.
- Hyaline cartilage lacks a vascular supply, relying on compressive forces for nutrient delivery through synovial fluid.
- Excessive compressive loads can lead to cartilage buckling, potentially causing damage or injury.
Bone exhibits adaptive remodeling in response to compressive forces:
- Weight-bearing exercises stimulate bone remodeling, strengthening the bone structure.
- Bone acts as an attachment point for muscles and tendons, enabling various movements.
- Bone functions as a system of rigid levers and pulleys, like the arm during a bicep curl.
- Bone structure dictates available movement, with variations observed in joint shapes.
- Bone permits accessory movement through passive joint mobilization techniques, enhancing range of motion without muscle activation.

Kinematics: The Study of Movement

Kinematics focuses on movement between adjoining bones without considering the forces involved.
Voluntary movement is consciously controlled, such as raising an arm or bending a knee.
Two main elements of kinematics:
- Osteokinematics: This refers to the voluntary joint movements of bones relative to each other.
- Arthrokinematics: This encompasses the involuntary movements at joint surfaces during osteokinematic motion.

Osteokinematics

Joint movements are voluntary and described in terms of planes and axes.
Planes of movement:
- Sagittal plane: Divides the body into left and right.
- Frontal plane: Divides the body into front and back.
- Transverse plane: Divides the body into top and bottom.
Axes of movement:
- Medio-lateral axis: Associated with sagittal plane movements.
- Anterior-posterior axis: Associated with frontal plane movements.
- Vertical axis: Associated with transverse plane movements.

Kinematic Chains

Open kinematic chain involves distal segment movements that are highly variable and free in space.
Closed kinematic chain involves fixed distal segments, resulting in more predictable and stable joint mechanics.

Arthrokinematics

Involuntary movements occur at joint surfaces during active movement.
Key types of arthrokinematic motion:
- Rolling: A rolling motion of one joint surface on another.
- Sliding: A gliding motion of one joint surface on another.
- Spinning: A rotation of one joint surface on another.
Convex-Concave rule: Describes how joint surface shapes affect movement.
Passive movement (joint play) occurs with external force application, like a therapist moving a patient's arm.
Importance of joint play: Maintains joint health and function, preventing stiffness and pain.

Open Pack vs. Closed Pack Positions

Closed pack position: This is the position of maximal articular congruency, where ligaments and joint capsules are taut.
- This position offers high stability but low mobility, increasing injury risk.
Open pack position: This has less joint congruency, allowing for greater mobility.
- This position is ideal for joint mobilization techniques to improve mobility.

Significance of Addressing Arthrokinematics

Joint mobilization: Restores joint dynamics, enhancing range of motion and reducing pain.

Kinetics: Forces

Kinetics analyzes forces in relation to movement.
Force systems involve how different forces interact:
- Collinear forces: Forces acting along the same line.
- Parallel forces: Forces acting in the same or opposite directions, but not along the same line.
- Concurrent forces: Forces that meet at a common point.
- Force couple: A pair of forces that are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, and work together to create stability or movement.

Effects of Forces

Displacement: Change in position caused by forces.
Static equilibrium: Occurs when the sum of forces equals zero, leading to no displacement.
Types of displacement:
- Translatory displacement: Linear movement in a straight line.
- Rotatory (angular) displacement: Movement around an axis.
Torque: Causes rotary movement.
Stress: The resistance to forces.

Types of Forces Causing Deformation

Compressive forces: Increase pressure.
Tensile forces: Stretch and pull apart.
Shear forces: Cause two surfaces to slide past each other, resulting in torque.

Friction

Friction: Resistance between two surfaces in contact, contributing to stability or causing injury.

Forces: Simple Machines

Pulleys: Change the direction of pull and increase the moment arm.
Inclined planes: Assist in moving loads efficiently by distributing the load.
Levers: Can favor strength or distance.
- Mechanical Advantage (MA):
 - MA = 1: The body is in equilibrium.
 - MA > 1: Favors effort.
 - MA < 1: Favors distance and speed.

Types of Levers

First class lever: The axis is located between the effort and load.
Second class lever: Resistance (load) is between the effort and the axis.
Third class lever: Effort is between the axis and resistance.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in restorative care and the PEO model in rehabilitation. It covers various techniques such as isometric exercises, graded exercises, and the importance of person, environment, and occupation in therapy practices. Test your understanding of how these frameworks enhance treatment strategies.