Biomaterials Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant advantage of targeted drug delivery?

  • Increased systemic drug exposure
  • Limited control over toxicity
  • Reduced drug effectiveness
  • Lower required dosage (correct)

Which of the following describes the EPR effect in the context of cancer therapy?

  • Tumors develop abnormal, leaky blood vessels (correct)
  • Improved lymphatic drainage around tumors
  • Decreased blood flow to tumors
  • Enhanced absorption through healthy tissue

What is a challenge of stimuli-responsive drug release systems?

  • Poor localization control (correct)
  • Simplicity of the chemistry involved
  • High bioavailability of drugs
  • Precise control over internal stimuli

How does a glucose-responsive delivery system react when glucose levels are normal?

<p>It dehydrates and inhibits drug release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to the advantages of stimuli-responsive drug release?

<p>Independent of external conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of excipients in tablet composition?

<p>To serve as a carrier for the active ingredient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tablet releases its active ingredient immediately upon administration?

<p>Sublingual tablets (A), Chewable tablets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do disintegrants play in tablets?

<p>To facilitate the breakdown of the tablet in the digestive system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tablet types is specifically designed to dissolve in water before administration?

<p>Effervescent tablets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the choice of excipients crucial for hydrophobic drugs?

<p>It affects the drug's disintegration and dissolution rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the tablet manufacturing process, what is the correct order of stages?

<p>Die filling, tablet formation, tablet ejection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of granulation in tablet formulation?

<p>To prevent segregation of constituents in the powder mix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which region of the mouth do buccal tablets primarily dissolve?

<p>Inside the cheek (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of a drug indicative of?

<p>The time taken for the amount of drug in the plasma concentration to fall by half (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the area under the curve (AUC) represent in pharmacokinetics?

<p>The amount of drug absorbed systemically (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can affect drug absorption through oral administration?

<p>The rate of gastric emptying (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about intravenous (IV) administration of drugs?

<p>Rapid administration can affect heart and respiratory function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to a drug's bioavailability?

<p>The extent of first pass clearance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when there is slow gastric emptying time?

<p>Delayed drug absorption and prolonged onset time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a drug's bioavailability?

<p>The fraction of the dose that reaches the systemic circulation as intact drug (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does food intake affect drug absorption?

<p>It can either speed up or delay drug absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of myosin heads during muscle contraction?

<p>They form cross bridges with actin filaments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with cardiac muscle?

<p>Electrically coupled to each other via gap junctions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as more calcium enters the muscle fiber during contraction?

<p>The force of contraction increases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the electrical excitation of the heart?

<p>Self-initiating action potentials from the sinoatrial node. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the process of excitation-contraction coupling?

<p>It connects muscle fiber stimulation to muscle contraction through calcium signaling. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the power stroke in muscle contraction?

<p>The myosin head pivots and pulls on the thin filament. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does calcium play in muscle contraction?

<p>It binds to troponin C, facilitating muscle contraction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the shortening of a sarcomere during muscle contraction?

<p>Interaction of thick and thin filaments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary advantages of intranasal drug delivery?

<p>It provides higher bioavailability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of inhalation drug delivery?

<p>It requires specialized inhalation techniques for optimal bioavailability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of transdermal drug delivery?

<p>It is only suitable for potent drugs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cardiovascular angioplasty stent assist in treatment?

<p>By coating the stent with medication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of ocular local delivery methods such as drug-loaded soft contact lenses?

<p>They increase the residence time of drugs in the eye. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of active delivery in cancer therapy?

<p>It binds the therapeutic agent to a moiety. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can negatively impact intranasal drug delivery?

<p>Cold and allergies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drawback is associated with transdermal drug delivery?

<p>Irritation at the application site. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of achieving a sterility assurance level (SAL) of 10e-6?

<p>To ensure a probability of no more than 1 in 1 million that an implant is non-sterile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sterilization technique is associated with high penetration and rapid action?

<p>Radiation sterilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of gas sterilization?

<p>The process is lengthy and can leave toxic residues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step occurs first in the sterilization process?

<p>Determining initial bioburden (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'bioburden' refer to in sterilization procedures?

<p>The number of viable micro-organisms present before sterilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of steam sterilization?

<p>Deformation of materials due to water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the drug approval process, which phase focuses primarily on safety?

<p>Phase 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key purpose of preclinical testing for new drugs?

<p>To assess the toxicity of the drug across multiple species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tablet Composition

Tablets are composed of active ingredients (drug), excipients (fillers, binders, disintegrates, etc) to help the drug function effectively.

Tablet Classification

Tablets are categorized by how quickly the medicine is released into the body (immediate, delayed, extended).

Disintegration Tablet

The most common type of tablet; the medicine dissolves quickly in the body.

Effervescent Tablet

Dissolves in water before use for fast drug action. Often used for pain relievers.

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Sublingual/Buccal Tablet

Tablets placed under the tongue (sublingual) or between the cheek and gum (buccal) for fast absorption into the bloodstream due to high blood vessel density.

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Tablet Manufacturing Stages

The process of making tablets consists of filling, forming and removing/ejecting.

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Granulation

Mixing and clumping powders together into granules to make the ingredients evenly distributed.

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Reasons For Granulation

Main purpose: prevent segregation of powder ingredients, caused by differences in size and density.

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Targeted Drug Delivery

Drugs are selectively delivered to the precise site of action.

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EPR Effect

Enhanced permeability and retention; tumor vessels are leaky, allowing drug accumulation.

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Stimuli-Responsive Drug Release

Drug release is triggered by specific stimuli like heat, ultrasound or light, releasing the drug on demand.

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Glucose-Responsive Delivery System

Drug release is triggered by increased glucose levels. Gel dehydrates at normal glucose, releasing drug at higher glucose.

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Challenges of Stimuli-Responsive Drug Release

Complex chemistry, lack of precise control over internal stimuli, and limited tissue penetration of external stimuli.

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Skeletal Muscle Structure

Well-defined contractile structures with intracellular calcium storage (sarcoplasmic reticulum).

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Smooth Muscle Structure

Well-defined contractile structures with intracellular calcium storage (sarcoplasmic reticulum).

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Cardiac Muscle Structure

Electrically coupled to each other by gap junctions.

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Cross-Bridge Cycling

The interaction of thick and thin filaments in a sarcomere resulting in shortening.

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Sarcomere

The basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber.

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Excitation-Contraction Coupling

The steps linking muscle fiber stimulation to contraction, specifically involving calcium.

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Electrical Excitation of the Heart

Self-initiating action potentials, starting at the sinoatrial node (SAN).

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Heart's Action Potential Delay

The atrioventricular node (AVN) delays the spread of excitation to ventricles.

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IV injection disadvantages

Rapid onset, potential for heart and respiratory issues, incompatible with insoluble drugs, and requires sterile technique.

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Peak plasma level

The time when the drug concentration in the blood is highest.

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Area under the curve (AUC)

The total amount of drug absorbed systemically.

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Half-life

The time it takes for the drug concentration in plasma to decrease by half.

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First-pass clearance

The removal of drug by the liver during its first trip through the liver.

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Bioavailability equation

F = (fraction of drug absorbed) x (fraction that avoids first-pass metabolism).

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Bioavailability

The fraction of drug reaching the bloodstream in its active form after administration.

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Factors affecting oral drug absorption (4)

Gastric emptying time, presence of food, gastrointestinal motility, and GI perfusion rate.

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Intranasal Drug Delivery: Pro

Intranasal drug delivery offers higher bioavailability, meaning more drug reaches the bloodstream.

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Intranasal Drug Delivery: Con

Intranasal drug delivery can lead to irritation of the nasal mucosa, making it uncomfortable.

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Inhalation Drug Delivery: Pro

Inhalation drug delivery bypasses the liver's first-pass metabolism, maximizing drug effectiveness.

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Inhalation Drug Delivery: Con

Inhalation drug delivery can irritate the respiratory tract, causing coughing or discomfort.

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Transdermal Drug Delivery: Pro

Transdermal drug delivery provides a continuous and controlled release of medication over time.

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Sterility

The complete elimination of all living organisms and their spores, ensuring a product is free of contaminants.

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Bioburden

The number of viable microorganisms present on a surface or in a product before sterilization.

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Transdermal Drug Delivery: Con

Transdermal drug delivery is limited to potent drugs due to the skin's low permeability.

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Sterility Assurance Level (SAL)

The probability of a product being non-sterile, aiming for a 1 in a million chance of contamination (10e-6).

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Cardiovascular Local Delivery: Example

Drug-coated stents are used in angioplasty to prevent blood clots from forming after surgery.

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Ocular Local Delivery: Example

Microneedles are used to deliver medication directly to the eye, improving treatment outcomes.

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Sterilization Techniques

Methods for achieving sterility, including steam, radiation, and gas sterilization.

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Steam Sterilization

Using high-pressure steam to kill microbes, effective but can deform certain materials.

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Radiation Sterilization

Exposing products to ionizing radiation to kill microbes, can cause material degradation.

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Gas Sterilization

Using gases like ethylene oxide to sterilize, effective but requires long processing and potentially toxic residues.

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Study Notes

Biomaterials

  • A material designed to interact with biological systems, for evaluating, treating, augmenting, or replacing tissues, organs, or bodily functions.

Types of Biomaterials (4)

  • Metals
  • Ceramics
  • Polymers
  • Hybrid materials

Metals

  • Strong
  • Adaptable to form different shapes
  • Conduct electricity
  • Resistant to degradation in biological environments

Ceramics

  • Strong
  • Adaptable to form different shapes
  • Conduct electricity
  • Resistant to degradation in biological environments

Polymers

  • Versatile
  • Wide range of physical and chemical properties
  • Easy fabrication into diverse forms
  • Flexible for soft tissues
  • Very low or no toxicity
  • Lightweight
  • Low cost

Advantages of Polymers (6)

  • Wide range of physical and chemical properties
  • Easy fabrication into many different forms
  • Flexibility for soft tissues
  • Very low or non-toxicity
  • Lightweight/low density
  • Low cost

Natural Polymers

  • Extracellular matrix protein-based materials (e.g., fibrin, fibrinogen, polysaccharides)
  • Glycosaminoglycans (e.g., hyaluronic acid-based materials)

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

  • Collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells
  • Provides structural and biochemical support surrounding cells
  • Contains fibrous proteins and glycosaminoglycans

ECM Composition

  • Fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectin, laminin)
  • Glycoaminoglycans (e.g., heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate)

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of biomaterials, designed to interact with biological systems for various applications including tissue replacement. This quiz delves into the types of biomaterials such as metals, ceramics, and polymers, highlighting their properties and advantages. Test your knowledge on this essential topic in materials science.

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