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Questions and Answers
What is the most common cause of abnormal pubertal development in young girls?
Which test is NOT typically used to assess delayed puberty in young girls?
What structure is associated with a Bartholin cyst?
Which of the following conditions is associated with abnormal uterine bleeding?
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What is the significance of detecting grape-like clusters called sarcoma botryoids in young girls?
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What condition may lead to ovarian failure in females?
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Which non-structural cause can lead to abnormal uterine bleeding?
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What is a significant risk factor for cervical cancer?
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What is a common presentation of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?
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Which theory suggests that endometriotic lesions are the result of endometrial cells traveling retrograde through the fallopian tubes?
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What is a major risk factor for ovarian tumors?
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Which type of breast abnormality is characterized by the persistence of epidermal thickening along the milk line?
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Which hormone is typically elevated in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome?
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What condition is marked by the presence of endometrial glands in locations outside the uterus?
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Which breast tumor is characterized by a small, mobile, firm mass with sharp edges and is commonly biopsied for nuclear atypia?
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Which of the following is associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk of diabetes in women?
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What is characterized by thickened ovarian capsules and multiple small cysts?
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What abnormality results from the failure of urethral folds to fuse, leading to an abnormal urethral opening?
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What condition is associated with the dilatation of veins resulting from increased venous pressure, most commonly observed on the left side?
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Which of the following best describes the immediate treatment for ischemic priapism?
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The presence of leukoplakia on the penile shaft is indicative of which condition?
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What is the most common type of testicular cancer classified under germ cell tumors?
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Which condition involves the failure of the lateral fusion of the abdominal wall and results in herniation of organs covered by peritoneum?
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What is the risk associated with paraphimosis that can lead to severe consequences?
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What hormonal changes are expected in bilateral cryptorchidism?
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How is testicular torsion primarily managed if there is a high suspicion based on clinical findings?
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What type of testicular tumor is most likely to spread via the lymphatic system to para-aortic lymph nodes?
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What is the increased risk associated with cryptorchidism in male patients?
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What hormone increases significantly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
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What characterizes Klinefelter syndrome in terms of hormonal levels?
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Which condition is characterized by the lack of development of internal male reproductive structures despite having XY chromosomes?
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What is the primary condition associated with a negative progesterone withdrawal test in women under 40?
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What is the term for excessive menstrual bleeding defined as more than 80ml in 7 days?
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Which is a common cause of secondary amenorrhea?
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What is a typical finding in individuals with Kallman Syndrome?
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At what age does primary amenorrhea become pathologic?
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Which of these conditions can lead to increased levels of FSH?
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What characterizes precocious puberty in girls?
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Study Notes
Reproductive System Overview
- Normal cervix appears fleshy and is lined with squamous cells.
- Menstrual cycle comprises two phases: Follicular and Luteal.
- Ovulation typically occurs mid-cycle, while progesterone levels increase in the Luteal phase.
- Egg development takes approximately 300 days.
Klinefelter Syndrome
- Most common chromosomal anomaly: 47XXY.
- Characterized by tall stature, long arms and legs, and eunuchoid features.
- Loss of Sertoli cell function leads to increased FSH and potential infertility.
- Typical manifestations include gynecomastia, reduced facial/body hair, and small testes.
- Increased estrogen results from elevated aromatase activity.
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
- Affects genotypic males (XY) leading to phenotypic female characteristics and amenorrhea.
- Testosterone is produced but fails to develop male internal structures, preserving only testes.
- Elevated LH and testosterone with inhibited development of female reproductive structures due to Müllerian inhibiting factor presence.
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
- Occurs in females under 40 presenting with amenorrhea.
- Negative progesterone withdrawal test indicates lack of bleeding.
- Granulosa cell dysfunction results in decreased inhibin and estrogen production.
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB)
- Includes various conditions such as menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, and dysmenorrhea.
- AUB can result from primary amenorrhea or secondary causes due to pelvic pathology.
- Common causes include endometrial polyps, fibroids, and hormonal imbalances.
Delayed & Precocious Puberty
- Delayed puberty may indicate hormonal dysfunction or metabolic disorders.
- Precocious puberty defined as physical changes before age 8 in girls, often requires evaluation for CNS issues.
- Types include gonadotropin-dependent and independent precocious puberty, with distinct causes.
Endometriosis
- Presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, often leading to pelvic pain and infertility.
- Chocolate cysts are common manifestations on the ovaries.
- Theories explaining its occurrence include retrograde menstruation and coelomic metaplasia.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
- Characterized by oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, and presence of ovarian cysts.
- Increased LH and testosterone levels lead to abnormal ovulation.
- Associated with insulin resistance and may increase diabetes risk.
Ovarian Tumors
- Account for 6% of cancers in females; often diagnosed late due to subtle symptoms.
- Risk factors include nulliparity, family history, and genetic mutations (BRCA1 & BRCA2).
Breast Abnormalities
- Supernumerary nipples and congenital breast inversion can occur.
- Macromastia may lead to back pain and discomfort; supportive measures recommended.
- Benign conditions like fibrocystic breast changes are common and related to menstrual cycle variations.
Male Reproductive Pathology
- Conditions such as hypospadias and epispadias affect urethral development.
- Cryptorchidism refers to undescended testicles, increasing cancer risk.
- Varicocele presents as a dilated vein issue; most common on the left side.
Testicular Cancer
- Germ cell tumors are prevalent, with seminomas making up a significant portion.
- Early diagnosis is crucial, as these tumors typically present as painless masses in young men.
Cervical and Vaginal Cancer
- HPV exposure is a key risk factor for cervical cancer; dysplasia may progress to invasive carcinoma.
- Squamous cell and adenocarcinoma in situ are significant forms related to high-risk HPV strains.
These notes encapsulate critical information regarding reproductive health disorders, their implications, and diagnostic criteria, aiding in understanding the complexities of reproductive pathology.
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Description
Explore the fascinating developments of the reproductive system covered in Week 12. This quiz delves into the menstrual cycle, ovulation, and hormonal disorders such as Klinefelter syndrome. Test your knowledge on the structure and function of the cervix and reproductive hormones.
