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Questions and Answers
Which of the following organisms possess a cuticle?
Which of the following organisms possess a cuticle?
What is the primary function of cartilage in the skeletal system?
What is the primary function of cartilage in the skeletal system?
Which type of cartilage is found in the trachea and bronchi?
Which type of cartilage is found in the trachea and bronchi?
What is the main component of a cuticle?
What is the main component of a cuticle?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cartilage?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cartilage?
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Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?
Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?
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What is the axial skeleton primarily composed of?
What is the axial skeleton primarily composed of?
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Which of the following best describes the role of joints in the skeleton?
Which of the following best describes the role of joints in the skeleton?
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How many bones are typically present in the adult human skeleton?
How many bones are typically present in the adult human skeleton?
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What is the primary difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
What is the primary difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
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Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
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What is the primary material that makes up bones?
What is the primary material that makes up bones?
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What type of skeleton is characterized by external support structures made of chitin?
What type of skeleton is characterized by external support structures made of chitin?
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Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the human skeleton?
Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the human skeleton?
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Which component is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
Which component is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
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Which of the following is a feature of bone tissue?
Which of the following is a feature of bone tissue?
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What is the primary function of the cranium in mammals?
What is the primary function of the cranium in mammals?
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What defines a hydrostatic skeleton?
What defines a hydrostatic skeleton?
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Which structures are considered part of the appendicular skeleton?
Which structures are considered part of the appendicular skeleton?
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Which type of skeleton is primarily found in soft-bodied animals like earthworms?
Which type of skeleton is primarily found in soft-bodied animals like earthworms?
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What is the main property of elastic cartilage?
What is the main property of elastic cartilage?
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Flashcards
Cartilage
Cartilage
A tough, flexible, and supportive tissue found in the skeletons of complex vertebrates. It's made up of cells called chondroblasts, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Bones
Bones
A strong, rigid tissue that forms the skeleton of most vertebrates. They are made up of living cells, calcium, and other minerals.
Hyaline Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
A type of cartilage that's found in the trachea, bronchi, and the tip of your nose. It's smooth and flexible.
Fibro-cartilage
Fibro-cartilage
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Elastic cartilage
Elastic cartilage
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Hydrostatic skeleton
Hydrostatic skeleton
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Exoskeleton
Exoskeleton
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Endoskeleton
Endoskeleton
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Axial skeleton
Axial skeleton
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Cranium
Cranium
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Facial skeleton
Facial skeleton
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Excretion
Excretion
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Waste Products of Metabolism
Waste Products of Metabolism
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Metabolism
Metabolism
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Excretory Organs
Excretory Organs
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Excretory Products
Excretory Products
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Excretion in Organisms
Excretion in Organisms
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Protozoans
Protozoans
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Contractile Vacuole
Contractile Vacuole
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Study Notes
Scheme of Work
- Week 1: Excretion
- Week 2: Tissues and Supporting Systems
- Week 3: Components of the Mammalian Skeleton
- Week 4: Axial Skeleton
- Week 5: Perpendicular Skeleton
- Week 6: Joints
- Week 7: Alimentary Canal/Digestive System
- Week 8: Feeding Habits/Feeding in man, Amoeba and Hydra
- Week 9: Circulatory System
- Week 10: Methods of transporting Higher Animals
- Week 11: Revision
- Week 12: Examination
Excretion
- Excretion is the removal of waste products from organisms (animals/plants).
- Waste products include by-products of metabolic processes and excess substances that cannot be stored in the body.
- Unwanted materials from food are also considered waste.
- Metabolism is all ongoing chemical reactions in the body.
- Animals and plants have excretory organs.
Excretory Products
- Examples include urea, uric acid, and carbon dioxide.
Organisms, Excretory Organs, and Products
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Protozoans: Contractile vacuole – Carbon dioxide, ammonium salt, water
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Earthworms: Nephridia/Nephridium – Water, carbon dioxide, urea
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Flatworms: Flame cells – Urea and water
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Fish: Gills – Carbon dioxide and water
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Insects: Malpighian tubules – Carbon dioxide, uric acid
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Mammals: Kidneys, skin, lungs, liver – Carbon dioxide, uric acid, sweat, hormones, water, urea
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Flowering Plants: Stomata, lenticels – Water, carbon dioxide, oxygen
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Birds: Kidneys, Lungs – Carbon dioxide, water, urine containing urea
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Reptiles: Kidneys – Water, salt, urea, hormones, carbon dioxide
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Crustaceans: (shrimp, crayfish, crab) Green gland – Water, carbon dioxide, hormones, uric acid, ammonium salt
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Trees: Bark – Gums, tannins, mucilage, crystals, alkaloids, resins
Excretion in Earthworms
- Earthworms use nephridia for excretion.
- Each segment (except the first three and last three) has a pair of nephridia.
- Nephridia have a funnel (nephrostome) lined with cilia.
- Nephrídíosphere opens to the outside through a pore.
- Waste products (mainly urea) are filtered from the blood and excreted.
Excretion in Insects
- Insects use Malpighian tubules for excretion.
- These tubules are long, thin tubes extending from the intestine.
- Waste products are converted into uric acid, becoming solid crystals.
- Water is reabsorbed, concentrating the urine, and excreted with feces.
Excretion in Mammals
- Mammals use kidneys, lungs, liver, and skin for excretion.
- Lungs excrete water vapor and carbon dioxide.
- Liver excretes pigments from hemoglobin breakdown.
- Skin excretes water, salt, and urea.
- Kidneys excrete water, mineral salts, urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
- Kidneys are the primary excretory organ in mammals.
Structure of the Kidney
- Kidney is bean-shaped, reddish-brown organ in the abdomen.
- It has two regions: cortex and medulla.
- Millions of urinary tubules (nephrons) are in the regions.
- Nephrons open at tips of triangular masses (pyramids).
- Pyramids open into a funnel-shaped cavity (pelvis).
- Kidneys have capillaries (branches of renal artery and vein)
Urinary Tubule in Humans
- Each tubule starts in the cortex as a cup-shaped Bowman's capsule.
- Bowman's capsule surrounds capillaries (glomerulus).
- The tubule has a coiled proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.
- Tubules join, forming a wider collecting duct.
- Tubules are associated with capillary networks.
Processes in Urine Formation
- Ultrafiltration: Filtration in Bowman's capsule; water, urea, salts, glucose and plasma substances pass through.
- Selective Reabsorption: Useful substances (water, sugar, amino acids, salts) are reabsorbed from the filtrate into the blood.
- Hormonal Secretion: Hormones (like ADH) control the concentration of water reabsorption. This concentrates the urine.
Excretion in Flowering Plants
- Plants excrete waste materials through various parts (stomata, lenticels).
- Waste products include carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, oils, resins, tannins, gums, anthocyanins, mucilage.
- These products remain in cells until they are removed.
Tissues & Supporting Systems
- Living organisms (plants and animals) have tissues to perform functions like movement and locomotion.
- Skeletons provide support, shape, and protection in animals.
- Three types of skeletal materials: cuticle, cartilage, and bone.
Cuticle
- Found outside the bodies of arthropods (e.g., crayfish, crabs).
- Composed of chitin for support.
Cartilage
- Found in vertebrate skeletons.
- Provides flexible support and cushions joints.
- Types include: Hyaline, Fibro, Elastic.
Bone
- Strongest animal tissue.
- Forms the vertebral column and majority of skeleton mass.
- Structurally consists of a hard outer layer (shaft) and spongy interior (marrow).
Types of Skeleton
- Hydrostatic Skeleton: Fluid pressure provides support in soft-bodied animals (e.g., worms, anemones).
- Exoskeleton: External protective covering in some animals (e.g., arthropods, crabs)
- Endoskeleton: Internal support system in vertebrates (e.g., humans, fish)
Components of the Mammalian Skeleton
- Divided into Axial skeleton (central) and Appendicular skeleton (jointed appendages)
- Axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs and breastbone.
Axial Skeleton: The Skull
- Multiple flat bones joined by sutures (joints).
- Cranium: Encloses the brain
- Facial Skeleton: Supports eyes, nose, and cheek muscles.
- Jaws (maxilla and mandible): Form the mouth; contain teeth.
Axial Skeleton: The Vertebral Column.
- Supporting structure.
- Series of bones (vertebrae).
- Protects the spinal cord.
- Five types of vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal) with different locations and numbers
Distribution of Vertebrae in Vertebrates
- Numbers of each type of vertebra varies across species (e.g., humans, rabbits, rats).
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of excretion, including the mechanisms and significance of waste removal in organisms. It delves into various excretory products such as urea, uric acid, and carbon dioxide, as well as the excretory organs in both animals and plants. Test your understanding of how metabolism relates to excretion and the specific adaptations of different organisms.
