Biology Unit A & B: Ecosystems & Energy Exchange

Unit A: Energy and Matter Exchange in the Biosphere

• Energy source for Earth: The source of all energy on Earth is from the sun.
• Biosphere organization: Biosphere organization includes species, populations, communities and ecosystems.
• Energy pyramids: The 10% rule describes how energy transfers in an ecosystem, with 10% being transferred to the next trophic level.
• Laws of thermodynamics: The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations in the biosphere.
• Food chains/webs: Food chains and food webs represent the flow of energy and nutrients through an ecosystem.
• Nutrient cycles (hydrological, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus): These cycles are essential for maintaining biosphere balance.
• Photosynthesis and chemosynthesis: These processes are crucial for energy production in different ecosystems.

Unit B: Ecosystems and Population Change

• Eutrophication: A process where excess nutrients in a water body lead to algal blooms and oxygen depletion.
• Deforestation and forest fires: These events drastically impact ecosystem structure.
• Biomes: Different types of ecosystems characterized by specific climate, flora and fauna.
• Scientific names & classification: Organisms are classified using a hierarchical system.
• Natural selection/inherited characteristics: Traits are passed down through generations and influenced by environment.
• Mutations: Changes in genetic material can create new characteristics.
• Gradualism/punctuated equilibrium: Models explaining the rate of evolutionary change.
• Allopatric speciation: A type of speciation where two species arise due to geographical isolation.
• Evidence of evolution: Supports evolutionary theory through fossil records, DNA, and other mechanisms.

Unit C: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• Photosynthesis/cellular respiration: Processes occurring within organisms for energy production.
• ATP: The primary energy currency used by cells in metabolic processes.

Unit D: Human Systems

• Digestive system enzymes: Enzymes play critical roles in the breakdown of food in digestion.
• Enzyme activity factors: Factors influencing the speed and efficiency of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
• Inhalation/exhalation: The process of breathing, including the mechanics and functions.
• Respiratory disorders: Diseases and conditions affecting the respiratory system.
• Blood oxygenation/deoxygenation: Where in the body blood is oxygenated and deoxygenated.
• Muscle types/blood vessel types, blood cell types: Different types of muscles, blood vessels, and blood cells and their function.
• Sliding filament theory: A model explaining muscle contraction.
• Thermoregulation: Mechanisms used by the body to maintain stable internal temperature.
• Blood flow/transfusion: Transports blood through body, processes involving blood transfusions.
• Immune response/Lymphatic system: The body's defense mechanisms against disease and immune system processes.
• Excretory system: Structures related to the removal of metabolic wastes, includes the process and urinary system.

Explore the foundational concepts of energy and matter exchange within the biosphere, including energy sources, nutrient cycles, and the laws of thermodynamics. Additionally, delve into ecosystem dynamics, population changes, and the impacts of human activities like deforestation and eutrophication. Test your understanding of these critical biological principles through this quiz.