Biology Unit 4 Concept 1 Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

Use a Venn diagram to compare and contrast DNA and RNA: DNA pairs with _____ while RNA pairs with _____.

Thymine, Uracil

What are the base pairing rules of DNA?

Uracil pairs with guanine while thymine pairs with adenine.

Provide an example of a strand of DNA with its complementary strand.

ATCGTTAAGGGACTC, TAGCAATTCCCTGAG

Describe the difference between purines and pyrimidines.

<p>Purines have a big base and include adenine and guanine; pyrimidines have a small base and include cytosine and thymine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the structure of a DNA molecule.

<p>DNA is shaped like a double helix and has a backbone made of sugar and phosphate, with nitrogen bases bonded to the sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Summarize the process of DNA replication.

<p>The helicase unzips DNA, primase and DNA polymerase bind complementary bases, forming two identical DNA molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between the leading strand and lagging strand.

<p>The leading strand is synthesized continuously in a smooth direction, while the lagging strand is copied in small segments called Okazaki fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA replication is considered semi-conservative.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nucleic acid?

<p>The macromolecule that holds our genetic material (DNA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nucleotide?

<p>A monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chromosome?

<p>Tightly coiled strands of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene?

<p>Sections of DNA that serve as the blueprint/instructions for making proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an RNA primer?

<p>Short pieces of RNA to help get the DNA polymerase started.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Okazaki fragments?

<p>Short pieces of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Comparison of DNA and RNA

  • DNA pairs thymine with adenine; RNA pairs uracil with adenine.
  • DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded.
  • Both contain guanine paired with cytosine and include adenine.

Base Pairing Rules of DNA

  • Uracil pairs with guanine; thymine pairs with adenine.
  • Example DNA strand: atcgttaagggactc
    Complementary strand: tagcaattccctgag

Nucleotide Structure

  • A nucleotide consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Purines vs. Pyrimidines

  • Purines: Larger bases, include adenine and guanine.
  • Pyrimidines: Smaller bases, include cytosine and thymine.

DNA Molecule Structure

  • DNA has a double helix shape.
  • Sugar and phosphate create the DNA backbone.
  • Nitrogen bases attach to the sugar; connected by covalent bonds.
  • Base pairs are linked by weaker hydrogen bonds, with strands running anti-parallel (3' and 5').

DNA Replication Process

  • Helicase unzips the DNA strand.
  • Primase and DNA polymerase locate complementary bases and bind them.
  • Results in two identical DNA molecules, each consisting of one old and one new strand.
  • Critical for cell multiplication and genetic continuity.

Leading Strand vs. Lagging Strand

  • Leading strand is synthesized smoothly by DNA polymerase from 3' to 5'.
  • Lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments (Okazaki fragments) in the opposite direction, hence 'lagging'.

Semi-Conservative DNA Replication

  • Each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Nucleic Acid Definition

  • Macromolecule that carries genetic information, primarily in the form of DNA.

Nucleotide Definition

  • Basic building block of nucleic acids composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

Chromosome Definition

  • Structures formed by tightly coiled strands of DNA, crucial for cell division.

Gene Definition

  • Segments of DNA that encode instructions for protein synthesis.

RNA Primer Function

  • Short RNA sequences that initiate the binding of DNA polymerase for replication.

Okazaki Fragments

  • Short segments of DNA formed on the lagging strand during replication.

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of DNA and RNA through this unit study guide. This resource includes flashcards that detail base pairing rules and compare the structures of DNA and RNA. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of molecular biology.

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