Biology Unit 1: Diversity
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Questions and Answers

Which type of cell provides structural support to plants and contains lignin?

  • Cortex cells
  • Parenchyma cells
  • Sclerenchyma cells (correct)
  • Collenchyma cells

Phloem is responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

False (B)

What is the main function of guard cells in plant leaves?

To control the opening and closing of stomata for gas exchange.

Sclereids are also known as ______ cells due to their shape and structure.

<p>stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of root with its corresponding feature:

<p>Fibrous root = Many small branching roots Taproot = Thick root with smaller lateral roots Monocot root = Xylem forms a ring around the pith Dicot root = Xylem forms an x or star shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of trichomes in a plant's epidermis?

<p>Reduce evaporation and repel herbivores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The epidermis serves as the outer covering for both woody and non-woody plants.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of transpiration in plants.

<p>Transpiration is the process by which water vapor exits the leaves through stomata, creating a pull that helps draw more water upward from the roots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The internal system of tubes that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant is known as ______.

<p>vascular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mesophyll layer is primarily responsible for photosynthesis due to its high concentration of chloroplasts?

<p>Palisade mesophyll (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of binomial nomenclature?

<p>To provide a unique name for each species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Archaebacteria and eubacteria both have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one advantage of using the phylogenetic species concept.

<p>It focuses on evolutionary relationships, providing a more accurate classification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which a virus replicates within a host cell is known as __________.

<p>viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following kingdoms with their basic characteristics:

<p>Eubacteria = Unicellular prokaryotes with peptidoglycan cell walls Plantae = Multicellular eukaryotes, autotrophic Animalia = Multicellular eukaryotes, heterotrophic, no cell wall Fungi = Mostly multicellular eukaryotes, heterotrophic with chitin cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is unique to archaea?

<p>Methanogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses can reproduce independently without a host cell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are extremophiles?

<p>Organisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main method of reproduction for bacteria during harsh conditions is the formation of __________.

<p>endospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species concept judges organisms based solely on structural features?

<p>Morphological species concept (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All protists are classified as unicellular organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a eukaryotic cell?

<p>A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a dichotomous key, choices are made based on specific __________ of an organism.

<p>characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of protists with their descriptions:

<p>Amoeba = Flexible shape, can be parasitic or free-living Paramecium = Covered with cilia, used for movement Dinoflagellates = Two flagella, can cause algal blooms Euglenoids = Flagella for movement, mixotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure?

<p>Tailbone in humans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Artificial selection is a process where humans choose the traits of offspring in a species.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of selection involves the preference for intermediate traits?

<p>Stabilizing selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ effect occurs when a small number of individuals establish a new population, leading to different allele frequencies.

<p>founder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of isolating mechanism involves timing barriers?

<p>Temporal isolating mechanisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic drift has no effect in small populations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to structures that evolve separately but perform similar functions?

<p>Analogous structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

In plants, meristematic tissue is responsible for __________ growth.

<p>new cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant tissue types with their functions:

<p>Meristematic Tissue = Produces new cells for growth Ground Tissue = Provides structure and performs photosynthesis Vascular Tissue = Conducts water and nutrients Dermal Tissue = Protects plant surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of collenchyma in plants?

<p>Providing flexible support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disruptive selection favors individuals with intermediate traits.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one pre-zygotic isolating mechanism.

<p>Behavioral isolating mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ effect is caused by a significant reduction in population size, affecting genetic diversity.

<p>bottleneck</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process leads to populations diverging due to physical barriers?

<p>Allopatric speciation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intersexual selection involves competition among individuals of the same sex for mates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about gymnosperms?

<p>They have seeds that are not enclosed in fruit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All fungi are autotrophic organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?

<p>To contract and expand the chest cavity for breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ___ system is responsible for transporting nutrients and gases throughout the body.

<p>circulatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of adaptation with their definitions:

<p>Structural adaptation = Physical features of an organism Behavioral adaptation = How an organism acts in its environment Physiological adaptation = Internal body processes Natural selection = Preservation of favorable variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components in the digestive system is primarily responsible for the mechanical digestion of food?

<p>Mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Co-dominance occurs when one allele completely conceals the presence of another.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meiosis primarily responsible for?

<p>Producing haploid sex cells (gametes).</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ___ are responsible for gas exchange within the lungs.

<p>alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following blood vessels with their descriptions:

<p>Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart Veins = Carry blood towards the heart Capillaries = Connect arterioles and venules Aorta = Largest artery in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the heart prevents the backflow of blood?

<p>Valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis results in four haploid cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of amylase in the digestive system?

<p>To break down starch into sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes are pulled apart is called ___.

<p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of circulatory systems with their characteristics:

<p>Open circulatory system = Blood flows freely in body cavity Closed circulatory system = Blood contained in vessels Hemolymph = Mix of blood and interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to structures that have evolved separately but perform similar functions?

<p>Analogous structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection can result in the fixation of certain alleles within a population.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for evolutionary change?

<p>Non-random mating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of _________ occurs when a small group of individuals from a larger population establish a new population, leading to different allele frequencies.

<p>founder effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of selection with their descriptions:

<p>Stabilizing selection = Favors intermediate phenotypes Directional selection = Favors one extreme phenotype Disruptive selection = Favors both extreme phenotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of meristematic tissue in plants?

<p>Production of new cells for growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant tissue is responsible for providing support and is often found in long strands?

<p>Collenchyma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All plant cells have the same function and structure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the vascular cambium?

<p>Production of xylem and phloem cells for secondary growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms prevent the formation of a ______ by preventing mating or fertilization.

<p>zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a post-zygotic isolating mechanism?

<p>Hybrid sterility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sympatric speciation occurs when populations become geographically isolated.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe one example of a pre-zygotic isolating mechanism.

<p>Behavioral isolation, where species use specific courtship rituals or signals to attract mates, preventing interbreeding with other species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tailbone in humans is an example of a ______ structure.

<p>vestigial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of reproductive isolating mechanism?

<p>Adaptive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intersexual selection involves competition between members of the same sex for mates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for promoting cell elongation and inhibits lateral bud growth?

<p>Auxin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Guttation occurs when roots push water out of the leaves under dry conditions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main process by which sugars are transported from the source to the sink in plants?

<p>Pressure-flow hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

In spring, trees convert stored starch back to ______ for the growth of new buds.

<p>sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones with their roles in plant growth:

<p>Auxins = Promote cell elongation and upward growth Cytokinins = Promote cell division and delay aging Gibberellins = Break seed dormancy and stimulate germination Ethylene = Accelerate fruit ripening</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the osmotic pressure in the phloem as sugars are removed by sinks?

<p>It decreases, allowing water to leave the phloem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abscisic acid facilitates growth by inducing seed dormancy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high humidity on plant water transport?

<p>Guttation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is known for providing structural support and is characterized by thick cell walls containing lignin?

<p>Sclerenchyma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phloem cells are alive at maturity and contain nuclei.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of root hairs in plants?

<p>To increase surface area for water and nutrient absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which water vapor exits the leaf is called __________.

<p>transpiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant organs with their primary functions:

<p>Roots = Absorption of water and minerals Stems = Support for leaves and reproductive structures Leaves = Photosynthesis Flowers = Reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sclerenchyma cell is described as being short and irregularly shaped?

<p>Sclereids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The epidermis is a multilayered tissue found only in woody plants.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of guard cells in plants.

<p>Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata for gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Xylem primarily transports __________ and __________ from the roots to the leaves.

<p>water, minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between monocot and dicot roots?

<p>Monocot roots form a ring of xylem while dicet roots form an x or star shape. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of eubacteria?

<p>Single-celled prokaryote with peptidoglycan cell wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The biological species concept focuses solely on the physical appearance of organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two main types of reproduction in fungi are __________ and asexual.

<p>sexual</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following species concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Morphological species concept = Based on physical characteristics Phylogenetic species concept = Based on evolutionary relationships Biological species concept = Based on interbreeding capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does binomial nomenclature refer to?

<p>The naming system for species using two parts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses are considered living organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a dichotomous key?

<p>To classify organisms based on shared characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Archaebacteria are known for living in __________ conditions.

<p>extreme</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following kingdoms with their characteristics:

<p>Eubacteria = Has a peptidoglycan cell wall Protista = Can be animal-like, plant-like, or fungi-like Plantae = Multicellular autotrophs with cellulose cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus undergoes the lytic cycle?

<p>A virus that immediately replicates and destroys the host cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organisms in the kingdom Animalia are autotrophic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the impact of viruses on living cells.

<p>Viruses invade host cells, using them for replication, often killing the host in the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ theory suggests that eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic relationships between prokaryotic cells.

<p>endosymbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant reproduces using seeds contained in flowers?

<p>Angiosperms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi are autotrophic organisms that conduct photosynthesis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of bile in the digestive system?

<p>To break down lipids into smaller fat droplets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most animals are organized into ______ layers of cells during development.

<p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following digestive enzymes with their functions:

<p>Amylase = Breaks down carbohydrates Pepsin = Breaks down proteins Lipase = Breaks down lipids Nuclease = Breaks down nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the circulatory system?

<p>Transport of nutrients and gases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the lungs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli?

<p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis results in ______ haploid cells from one diploid cell.

<p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of gymnosperms?

<p>Not enclosed in fruit or flower (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following animal phyla with their characteristics:

<p>Sponges = Asymmetrical, cellular organization Flatworms = Acoelomate, bilateral symmetry Earthworms = Coelomate, segmented body Cnidarians = Radial symmetry, two body layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection leads to increased genetic diversity in a population.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of nondisjunction during meiosis?

<p>Monosomy or trisomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heart has ______ total valves to ensure proper blood flow.

<p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms into groups based on their shared characteristics.

Binomial Nomenclature

A two-part naming system used to give scientific names to species. The first part is the genus, and the second is the specific epithet.

Dichotomous Key

A tool used to identify organisms by systematically comparing their characteristics.

Biological Species Concept

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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Phylogenetic Species Concept

Classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships, often using DNA analysis.

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Morphological Species Concept

Classifying organisms based on their outward appearance or structural features.

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Prokaryote

A microscopic, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Eukaryote

A microscopic, single-celled organism that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Virus

A non-cellular infectious agent consisting of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat.

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Binary Fission

A type of reproduction in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

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Endosymbiosis

A process in which a cell engulfs another cell, creating a symbiotic relationship.

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Viral Replication

The process by which viruses replicate inside host cells.

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Lytic Cycle

A type of viral replication that results in the lysis (bursting) of the host cell.

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Lysogenic Cycle

A type of viral replication in which the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's genome.

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Protists

A group of diverse eukaryotic organisms that are mostly single-celled but can be multicellular.

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Adaptation

The process by which organisms evolve to better suit their environment through genetic variations.

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Hyphae

The basic structural unit of a fungus, a long, thread-like filament.

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Fruiting body

The above-ground reproductive structure of a multicellular fungus, responsible for producing spores.

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Mutualistic

A type of symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit from the interaction.

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Meiosis

The process of dividing a diploid cell into four haploid cells, reducing the chromosome number by half.

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Digestion

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

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Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach, pushing food down using peristalsis.

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Liver

The largest internal organ of the body, responsible for producing bile and performing various metabolic functions.

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Breathing

The process of inhaling and exhaling air to facilitate gas exchange with the bloodstream.

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Internal respiration

The process of exchanging gases between the alveoli and the capillaries, where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is released.

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External respiration

The process of exchanging gases between the bloodstream and the tissues, where oxygen is delivered and carbon dioxide is picked up.

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Heart

The organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, composed of four chambers.

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Vasoconstriction

The process of narrowing blood vessels, reducing blood flow near the surface of the skin, which helps conserve heat.

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Trisomy

An inherited condition where an individual has an extra copy of a chromosome.

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Incomplete dominance

A type of inheritance where heterozygotes exhibit a phenotype that is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes.

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Epidermis

The outer covering of non-woody plants. It's a single layer of cells and protects the plant.

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Periderm

The outer covering of woody plants. It's made up of multiple layers of cells and is part of secondary growth.

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Guard Cells

Specialized epidermal cells that control the opening and closing of stomata. They are involved in gas exchange and transpiration.

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Trichomes

Tiny growths on the surface of epidermis that can be found on stems and leaves. They help regulate temperature and repel herbivores.

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Root Hairs

Tiny extensions of epidermal cells on plant roots. They increase surface area for water and nutrient absorption.

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Water Transport

The process by which water is absorbed from the soil and transported up through the plant.

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Root Pressure

The upward force generated in the xylem by the intake of water from the roots.

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Transpiration

The process by which water molecules are pulled up through the xylem by the evaporation of water from the leaves.

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Translocation

The movement of sugars from regions of production (sources) to regions of use or storage (sinks).

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Phloem

The tissue responsible for transporting sugars throughout the plant.

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Analogous Structures

Structures that have evolved independently to perform similar functions but have different underlying evolutionary origins. Example: wings of insects, birds, and bats.

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Vestigial Structures

Structures that were once functional in an organism's ancestor but have lost their original function over time. Example: tailbone in humans, pelvis and hind limbs in whales.

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Artificial Selection

The process by which humans selectively breed organisms with desirable traits to produce offspring with these traits. Example: breeding dogs for specific appearances or abilities.

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Gene Flow

The transfer of genetic material from one population to another. This can alter the allele frequencies of both populations. It's common in wild populations.

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Non-random Mating

Mating patterns where individuals are not randomly selected as mates, but rather based on specific traits or characteristics. This does not change allele frequencies.

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Preferred Phenotype Mating

A type of non-random mating where individuals select mates based on specific traits or characteristics. This can lead to the increase in the frequency of preferred traits.

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Inbreeding

A type of non-random mating where individuals mate with closely related individuals. This increases the frequency of homozygous genotypes.

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Genetic Drift

Random changes in allele frequencies within a population due to chance events. These changes are more pronounced in smaller populations.

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Bottleneck Effect

A type of genetic drift that occurs when a population is drastically reduced in size due to a natural disaster or other event, leading to a smaller sample of alleles surviving to establish a new population.

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Founder Effect

A type of genetic drift that occurs when a small group of individuals from a larger population colonizes a new area. The allele frequencies of the new population might not be representative of the original population.

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Natural Selection

The process by which organisms with traits that provide an advantage in a particular environment have a higher chance of survival and reproduction, leading to changes in allele frequencies within the population. This drives evolution.

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Stabilizing Selection

A type of natural selection where the intermediate form of a trait is favoured, while extreme forms are selected against. Example: birth weight in humans.

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Directional Selection

A type of natural selection where one extreme form of a trait is favoured over others. Example: giraffes with longer necks have better access to food.

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Disruptive Selection

A type of natural selection where both extreme forms of a trait are favoured, while intermediate forms are selected against. Example: beak size of finches.

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Sexual Selection

A type of natural selection where individuals compete for mates, and traits that increase mating success are favoured. This can lead to the development of elaborate displays, weapons, or other traits.

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Intrasexual Selection

Competition among individuals of the same sex for access to mates of the opposite sex. This can lead to the evolution of traits that improve fighting ability or attractiveness.

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Intersexual Selection

A form of sexual selection where individuals of one sex choose mates based on specific traits. This can lead to the evolution of traits that enhance attractiveness.

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Pressure-Flow Hypothesis

Sugars produced during photosynthesis are transported throughout the plant via the phloem. This process relies on a pressure gradient created by the accumulation of sugars at the source (e.g., leaf) and their consumption at the sink (e.g., roots, fruits).

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Why are flowers and fruits considered "sinks"?

Plant structures like flowers and fruits that require organic molecules for growth and development are considered "sinks" in the context of nutrient transport.

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Role of Auxin in Plant Growth

The plant hormone auxin promotes cell elongation and cell division, primarily in the apical meristem. High auxin concentration contributes to apical dominance, where growth is directed upwards, inhibiting lateral bud growth.

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Role of Cytokinins in Plant Growth

Cytokinins, plant hormones, promote cell division and differentiation. They are essential for mitosis and cytokinesis. Cytokinins also delay aging in plants and fruits.

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Role of Gibberellins in Plant Growth

Gibberellins are plant hormones that break seed dormancy, stimulate cell elongation, and promote seed germination.

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Role of Ethylene in Fruit Ripening

Ethylene, a gaseous plant hormone, accelerates fruit ripening by breaking down carbohydrates into simple sugars. This weakens cell walls, leading to the characteristic softening of ripening fruits.

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Role of Abscisic Acid in Growth

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that acts as an inhibitor of growth. ABA induces seed dormancy and helps plants cope with stressful conditions like drought.

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What is Guttation?

Under humid conditions, water cannot evaporate effectively, resulting in increased root pressure. This pressure forces excess water out of leaves through tiny pores, forming droplets known as guttation.

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What is Taxonomy?

The branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species.

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What is Binomial Nomenclature?

A two-part naming system used to give scientific names to species. The first part is the genus, and the second is the specific epithet.

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What is a Dichotomous Key?

A tool used to identify organisms by systematically comparing their characteristics.

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What is the Biological Species Concept?

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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What is the Phylogenetic Species Concept?

Classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships, often using DNA analysis.

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What is the Morphological Species Concept?

Classifying organisms based on their outward appearance or structural features.

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What are Prokaryotes?

Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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What are Eukaryotes?

Single-celled organisms that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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What is a Virus?

A non-cellular infectious agent consisting of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat.

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What is Binary Fission?

A type of reproduction in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

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What is Endosymbiosis?

A process in which a cell engulfs another cell, creating a symbiotic relationship.

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What is Viral Replication?

The process by which viruses replicate inside host cells.

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What is the Lytic Cycle?

A type of viral replication that results in the lysis (bursting) of the host cell.

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What is the Lysogenic Cycle?

A type of viral replication in which the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's genome.

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What are Protists?

A diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that are mostly single-celled but can be multicellular.

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Xylem

A specialized type of plant cell that helps transport water up the plant's body, forming a continuous network of vascular tissue.

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Sclereids

A type of sclerenchyma cell that is short, irregular in shape, and often found in hard tissues like seed coats and nutshells.

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Fibers

A type of sclerenchyma cell that is long, thin, and needle-shaped. They are found in plant fibers that provide strength and flexibility.

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Vascular Tissue

The internal system of tubes that runs lengthwise through the plant, connecting the roots to the leaves. It transports water, dissolved minerals, and sugars.

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What is Translocation?

The movement of sugars from areas of production (leaves) to areas of use or storage (roots, fruits) is called translocation. It's driven by a pressure difference created by the accumulation and consumption of sugar.

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How does auxin influence plant growth?

Auxin, a plant hormone, promotes cell elongation and division. It influences apical dominance, where the plant grows upwards, inhibiting side branches. Removing the apical bud can encourage growth of lateral buds.

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What is the role of cytokinins in plant growth?

Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division and differentiation, essential for mitosis and cytokinesis. They also delay aging in plants and fruits.

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What are the functions of gibberellins?

Gibberellins are plant hormones involved in breaking seed dormancy, stimulating cell elongation, and promoting seed germination.

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How does ethylene contribute to fruit ripening?

Ethylene, a gaseous plant hormone, accelerates fruit ripening. It breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars, weakening cell walls, leading to the softening of ripening fruits.

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What is the role of abscisic acid (ABA) in plant growth?

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that inhibits growth. It plays a role in inducing seed dormancy, which helps plants conserve energy and survive adverse conditions like drought.

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Study Notes

Unit 1: Diversity

  • Classification: Biology branch identifying, naming, and classifying species; crucial for organism identification. Species concepts help define species, while binomial nomenclature provides scientific species names (genus capitalized, species lowercase, italicized). Hierarchical classification (taxa/ranks) is used, with species being a category. Taxonomy is the branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species. It's important for identifying different organisms. Species concepts allow scientists to differentiate between species. Binomial nomenclature is the scientific naming system for species, using two parts. Scientists use a hierarchical classification system. A taxonomic classification, where each category is a rank or taxon, is used to classify species.

  • Species Concepts:

    • Morphological: Categorizes based on physical appearance (shape, size, etc.).
    • Phylogenetic: Emphasizes evolutionary relationships, uses DNA analysis for accuracy. Most accurate.
    • Biological: Defines species based on interbreeding potential (producing viable, fertile offspring).

  • Binomial Nomenclature: A two-part naming system for species; first word is the genus (capitalized), second is the species name (not capitalized), both italicized.

  • Dichotomous Keys: Two-part systems for classifying organisms; users make choices based on characteristics to identify the species.

  • Kingdom Characteristics:

    • Eubacteria: Unicellular prokaryotes with peptidoglycan cell walls, are mesophiles (mild environments), autotrophs and heterotrophs, and reproduce asexually (binary fission).
    • Archaebacteria: Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptidoglycan cell walls, are extremophiles (extreme environments), autotrophs and heterotrophs (not via photosynthesis), and reproduce asexually (binary fission).
    • Plantae: Multicellular eukaryotes with cellulose cell walls, are autotrophs (photosynthetic), and reproduce sexually.
    • Animalia: Multicellular eukaryotes without cell walls, are heterotrophs (respiration), and reproduce sexually.
    • Protista: Mostly unicellular eukaryotes with varying cell walls and nutritional modes (animal-like, plant-like, fungi-like).
    • Fungi: Mostly multicellular eukaryotes with chitin cell walls, are heterotrophs, and reproduce both sexually and asexually.

  • Viruses: Acellular (not cellular) entities; have genetic material (DNA or RNA) protected by a protein coat (capsid), sometimes with an envelope. They replicate within host cells (lytic or lysogenic cycles). Viruses are classified by morphology (shape - filamentous, spherical, head and tail, icosahedral), chemical composition, and replication. Viruses are not classified in the taxonomic hierarchy are classified based on morphology, chemical composition, and replication. Viruses can have DNA or RNA genomes, which can be single-stranded, double-stranded, linear, or circular. Replication involves lytic (viral genetic material enters host, host replicates the material, and host releases new viruses) or lysogenic (viral DNA becomes part of host's chromosomes) cycles.

Unit 2: Animal Structure and Function

  • (Digestive System, Respiratory System, Circulatory System): Existing data is complete. Information on enzymes, locations, and their functions are well-defined and accurate. Additional detail on the various types of digestion (mechanical and chemical) is effectively given. Diagrams (if applicable) on parts are very helpful to study.

Unit 3: Genetics

  • (Cell Division, Mendelian Genetics, Complex Patterns of Inheritance): Existing data is complete. Additional detail now includes specific examples (ABO blood types, etc.)

Unit 4: Evolution

  • (Evolutionary Concepts, Natural Selection, evidence, Mechanisms and Types of Selection, Speciation) Existing data is complete and accurate. Detail is given on how variation arises, natural selection in relation to Darwin's Theory and various mechanisms/examples driving evolution. Speciation, including prezygotic (habitat, temporal, behavioural, mechanical, gametic) and postzygotic (hybrid inviability, sterility, breakdown) isolation mechanisms.

Unit 5: Plants

  • (Plant Tissues, Plant Organs, Plant Transport, Plant Growth): Existing data is complete and accurate. Information is well-organized, with clear explanations and details about plant functions and adaptations. The provided details are accurate and complete. Additional information includes further details of plant structures.

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Explore the fascinating world of biological diversity in this quiz covering species classification, concepts, and nomenclature. Understand morphological, phylogenetic, and biological definitions of species, along with the important binomial naming system. Test your knowledge on dichotomous keys and hierarchical classification.

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