Biology Unit 1: Diversity
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Questions and Answers

Which type of cell provides structural support to plants and contains lignin?

  • Cortex cells
  • Parenchyma cells
  • Sclerenchyma cells (correct)
  • Collenchyma cells

    • Phloem is responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

    False

    What is the main function of guard cells in plant leaves?

    To control the opening and closing of stomata for gas exchange.

    Sclereids are also known as ______ cells due to their shape and structure.

    <p>stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of root with its corresponding feature:

    <p>Fibrous root = Many small branching roots Taproot = Thick root with smaller lateral roots Monocot root = Xylem forms a ring around the pith Dicot root = Xylem forms an x or star shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of trichomes in a plant's epidermis?

    <p>Reduce evaporation and repel herbivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epidermis serves as the outer covering for both woody and non-woody plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the process of transpiration in plants.

    <p>Transpiration is the process by which water vapor exits the leaves through stomata, creating a pull that helps draw more water upward from the roots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The internal system of tubes that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant is known as ______.

    <p>vascular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mesophyll layer is primarily responsible for photosynthesis due to its high concentration of chloroplasts?

    <p>Palisade mesophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of binomial nomenclature?

    <p>To provide a unique name for each species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Archaebacteria and eubacteria both have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one advantage of using the phylogenetic species concept.

    <p>It focuses on evolutionary relationships, providing a more accurate classification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which a virus replicates within a host cell is known as __________.

    <p>viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following kingdoms with their basic characteristics:

    <p>Eubacteria = Unicellular prokaryotes with peptidoglycan cell walls Plantae = Multicellular eukaryotes, autotrophic Animalia = Multicellular eukaryotes, heterotrophic, no cell wall Fungi = Mostly multicellular eukaryotes, heterotrophic with chitin cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is unique to archaea?

    <p>Methanogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses can reproduce independently without a host cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are extremophiles?

    <p>Organisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main method of reproduction for bacteria during harsh conditions is the formation of __________.

    <p>endospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species concept judges organisms based solely on structural features?

    <p>Morphological species concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All protists are classified as unicellular organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dichotomous key, choices are made based on specific __________ of an organism.

    <p>characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of protists with their descriptions:

    <p>Amoeba = Flexible shape, can be parasitic or free-living Paramecium = Covered with cilia, used for movement Dinoflagellates = Two flagella, can cause algal blooms Euglenoids = Flagella for movement, mixotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure?

    <p>Tailbone in humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Artificial selection is a process where humans choose the traits of offspring in a species.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of selection involves the preference for intermediate traits?

    <p>Stabilizing selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ effect occurs when a small number of individuals establish a new population, leading to different allele frequencies.

    <p>founder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of isolating mechanism involves timing barriers?

    <p>Temporal isolating mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic drift has no effect in small populations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to structures that evolve separately but perform similar functions?

    <p>Analogous structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plants, meristematic tissue is responsible for __________ growth.

    <p>new cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant tissue types with their functions:

    <p>Meristematic Tissue = Produces new cells for growth Ground Tissue = Provides structure and performs photosynthesis Vascular Tissue = Conducts water and nutrients Dermal Tissue = Protects plant surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of collenchyma in plants?

    <p>Providing flexible support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disruptive selection favors individuals with intermediate traits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one pre-zygotic isolating mechanism.

    <p>Behavioral isolating mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ effect is caused by a significant reduction in population size, affecting genetic diversity.

    <p>bottleneck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to populations diverging due to physical barriers?

    <p>Allopatric speciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intersexual selection involves competition among individuals of the same sex for mates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about gymnosperms?

    <p>They have seeds that are not enclosed in fruit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All fungi are autotrophic organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?

    <p>To contract and expand the chest cavity for breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ___ system is responsible for transporting nutrients and gases throughout the body.

    <p>circulatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of adaptation with their definitions:

    <p>Structural adaptation = Physical features of an organism Behavioral adaptation = How an organism acts in its environment Physiological adaptation = Internal body processes Natural selection = Preservation of favorable variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components in the digestive system is primarily responsible for the mechanical digestion of food?

    <p>Mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Co-dominance occurs when one allele completely conceals the presence of another.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meiosis primarily responsible for?

    <p>Producing haploid sex cells (gametes).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ___ are responsible for gas exchange within the lungs.

    <p>alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood vessels with their descriptions:

    <p>Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart Veins = Carry blood towards the heart Capillaries = Connect arterioles and venules Aorta = Largest artery in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the heart prevents the backflow of blood?

    <p>Valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitosis results in four haploid cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of amylase in the digestive system?

    <p>To break down starch into sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes are pulled apart is called ___.

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of circulatory systems with their characteristics:

    <p>Open circulatory system = Blood flows freely in body cavity Closed circulatory system = Blood contained in vessels Hemolymph = Mix of blood and interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to structures that have evolved separately but perform similar functions?

    <p>Analogous structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural selection can result in the fixation of certain alleles within a population.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for evolutionary change?

    <p>Non-random mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of _________ occurs when a small group of individuals from a larger population establish a new population, leading to different allele frequencies.

    <p>founder effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of selection with their descriptions:

    <p>Stabilizing selection = Favors intermediate phenotypes Directional selection = Favors one extreme phenotype Disruptive selection = Favors both extreme phenotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meristematic tissue in plants?

    <p>Production of new cells for growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plant tissue is responsible for providing support and is often found in long strands?

    <p>Collenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All plant cells have the same function and structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the vascular cambium?

    <p>Production of xylem and phloem cells for secondary growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms prevent the formation of a ______ by preventing mating or fertilization.

    <p>zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a post-zygotic isolating mechanism?

    <p>Hybrid sterility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sympatric speciation occurs when populations become geographically isolated.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe one example of a pre-zygotic isolating mechanism.

    <p>Behavioral isolation, where species use specific courtship rituals or signals to attract mates, preventing interbreeding with other species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tailbone in humans is an example of a ______ structure.

    <p>vestigial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of reproductive isolating mechanism?

    <p>Adaptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intersexual selection involves competition between members of the same sex for mates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for promoting cell elongation and inhibits lateral bud growth?

    <p>Auxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Guttation occurs when roots push water out of the leaves under dry conditions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main process by which sugars are transported from the source to the sink in plants?

    <p>Pressure-flow hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In spring, trees convert stored starch back to ______ for the growth of new buds.

    <p>sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their roles in plant growth:

    <p>Auxins = Promote cell elongation and upward growth Cytokinins = Promote cell division and delay aging Gibberellins = Break seed dormancy and stimulate germination Ethylene = Accelerate fruit ripening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the osmotic pressure in the phloem as sugars are removed by sinks?

    <p>It decreases, allowing water to leave the phloem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abscisic acid facilitates growth by inducing seed dormancy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high humidity on plant water transport?

    <p>Guttation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is known for providing structural support and is characterized by thick cell walls containing lignin?

    <p>Sclerenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phloem cells are alive at maturity and contain nuclei.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of root hairs in plants?

    <p>To increase surface area for water and nutrient absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which water vapor exits the leaf is called __________.

    <p>transpiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant organs with their primary functions:

    <p>Roots = Absorption of water and minerals Stems = Support for leaves and reproductive structures Leaves = Photosynthesis Flowers = Reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sclerenchyma cell is described as being short and irregularly shaped?

    <p>Sclereids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epidermis is a multilayered tissue found only in woody plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of guard cells in plants.

    <p>Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata for gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xylem primarily transports __________ and __________ from the roots to the leaves.

    <p>water, minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between monocot and dicot roots?

    <p>Monocot roots form a ring of xylem while dicet roots form an x or star shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of eubacteria?

    <p>Single-celled prokaryote with peptidoglycan cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biological species concept focuses solely on the physical appearance of organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two main types of reproduction in fungi are __________ and asexual.

    <p>sexual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following species concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Morphological species concept = Based on physical characteristics Phylogenetic species concept = Based on evolutionary relationships Biological species concept = Based on interbreeding capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does binomial nomenclature refer to?

    <p>The naming system for species using two parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses are considered living organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a dichotomous key?

    <p>To classify organisms based on shared characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Archaebacteria are known for living in __________ conditions.

    <p>extreme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following kingdoms with their characteristics:

    <p>Eubacteria = Has a peptidoglycan cell wall Protista = Can be animal-like, plant-like, or fungi-like Plantae = Multicellular autotrophs with cellulose cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of virus undergoes the lytic cycle?

    <p>A virus that immediately replicates and destroys the host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organisms in the kingdom Animalia are autotrophic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the impact of viruses on living cells.

    <p>Viruses invade host cells, using them for replication, often killing the host in the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ theory suggests that eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic relationships between prokaryotic cells.

    <p>endosymbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plant reproduces using seeds contained in flowers?

    <p>Angiosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi are autotrophic organisms that conduct photosynthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of bile in the digestive system?

    <p>To break down lipids into smaller fat droplets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most animals are organized into ______ layers of cells during development.

    <p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following digestive enzymes with their functions:

    <p>Amylase = Breaks down carbohydrates Pepsin = Breaks down proteins Lipase = Breaks down lipids Nuclease = Breaks down nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the circulatory system?

    <p>Transport of nutrients and gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis results in ______ haploid cells from one diploid cell.

    <p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of gymnosperms?

    <p>Not enclosed in fruit or flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following animal phyla with their characteristics:

    <p>Sponges = Asymmetrical, cellular organization Flatworms = Acoelomate, bilateral symmetry Earthworms = Coelomate, segmented body Cnidarians = Radial symmetry, two body layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural selection leads to increased genetic diversity in a population.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of nondisjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Monosomy or trisomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart has ______ total valves to ensure proper blood flow.

    <p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Unit 1: Diversity

    • Classification: Biology branch identifying, naming, and classifying species; crucial for organism identification. Species concepts help define species, while binomial nomenclature provides scientific species names (genus capitalized, species lowercase, italicized). Hierarchical classification (taxa/ranks) is used, with species being a category. Taxonomy is the branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species. It's important for identifying different organisms. Species concepts allow scientists to differentiate between species. Binomial nomenclature is the scientific naming system for species, using two parts. Scientists use a hierarchical classification system. A taxonomic classification, where each category is a rank or taxon, is used to classify species.

    • Species Concepts:

      • Morphological: Categorizes based on physical appearance (shape, size, etc.).
      • Phylogenetic: Emphasizes evolutionary relationships, uses DNA analysis for accuracy. Most accurate.
      • Biological: Defines species based on interbreeding potential (producing viable, fertile offspring).

    • Binomial Nomenclature: A two-part naming system for species; first word is the genus (capitalized), second is the species name (not capitalized), both italicized.

    • Dichotomous Keys: Two-part systems for classifying organisms; users make choices based on characteristics to identify the species.

    • Kingdom Characteristics:

      • Eubacteria: Unicellular prokaryotes with peptidoglycan cell walls, are mesophiles (mild environments), autotrophs and heterotrophs, and reproduce asexually (binary fission).
      • Archaebacteria: Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptidoglycan cell walls, are extremophiles (extreme environments), autotrophs and heterotrophs (not via photosynthesis), and reproduce asexually (binary fission).
      • Plantae: Multicellular eukaryotes with cellulose cell walls, are autotrophs (photosynthetic), and reproduce sexually.
      • Animalia: Multicellular eukaryotes without cell walls, are heterotrophs (respiration), and reproduce sexually.
      • Protista: Mostly unicellular eukaryotes with varying cell walls and nutritional modes (animal-like, plant-like, fungi-like).
      • Fungi: Mostly multicellular eukaryotes with chitin cell walls, are heterotrophs, and reproduce both sexually and asexually.

    • Viruses: Acellular (not cellular) entities; have genetic material (DNA or RNA) protected by a protein coat (capsid), sometimes with an envelope. They replicate within host cells (lytic or lysogenic cycles). Viruses are classified by morphology (shape - filamentous, spherical, head and tail, icosahedral), chemical composition, and replication. Viruses are not classified in the taxonomic hierarchy are classified based on morphology, chemical composition, and replication. Viruses can have DNA or RNA genomes, which can be single-stranded, double-stranded, linear, or circular. Replication involves lytic (viral genetic material enters host, host replicates the material, and host releases new viruses) or lysogenic (viral DNA becomes part of host's chromosomes) cycles.

    Unit 2: Animal Structure and Function

    • (Digestive System, Respiratory System, Circulatory System): Existing data is complete. Information on enzymes, locations, and their functions are well-defined and accurate. Additional detail on the various types of digestion (mechanical and chemical) is effectively given. Diagrams (if applicable) on parts are very helpful to study.

    Unit 3: Genetics

    • (Cell Division, Mendelian Genetics, Complex Patterns of Inheritance): Existing data is complete. Additional detail now includes specific examples (ABO blood types, etc.)

    Unit 4: Evolution

    • (Evolutionary Concepts, Natural Selection, evidence, Mechanisms and Types of Selection, Speciation) Existing data is complete and accurate. Detail is given on how variation arises, natural selection in relation to Darwin's Theory and various mechanisms/examples driving evolution. Speciation, including prezygotic (habitat, temporal, behavioural, mechanical, gametic) and postzygotic (hybrid inviability, sterility, breakdown) isolation mechanisms.

    Unit 5: Plants

    • (Plant Tissues, Plant Organs, Plant Transport, Plant Growth): Existing data is complete and accurate. Information is well-organized, with clear explanations and details about plant functions and adaptations. The provided details are accurate and complete. Additional information includes further details of plant structures.

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    Explore the fascinating world of biological diversity in this quiz covering species classification, concepts, and nomenclature. Understand morphological, phylogenetic, and biological definitions of species, along with the important binomial naming system. Test your knowledge on dichotomous keys and hierarchical classification.

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