Biology: Types of Tissue

Tissue Types

• Epithelial tissue is responsible for secretion and absorption
• Connective tissue includes tendons and holds organs in place
• Muscle tissue is involved in contraction
• Nervous tissue is responsible for communication within the body

Blood Vessels

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart
• Veins carry blood back to the heart and have one-way valves to prevent backflow
• Capillaries are involved in the exchange of materials by diffusion with nearby cells

Circulatory System

• The pulmonary circuit involves the right ventricle pumping blood to the lungs to get rid of carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen
• The systemic circuit involves pumping blood throughout the whole body

Respiratory System

• The primary function of the respiratory system is to bring oxygen in and expel carbon dioxide
• The correct order of air traveling through the respiratory system starting with the trachea is: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
• Capillaries are present in the alveoli and enable the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the bloodstream and respiratory system

Urinary System

• The primary function of the urinary system is to remove excess fluids and waste products
• Filtration involves cleaning blood of metabolic wastes
• Reabsorption involves reabsorbing water and valuable solutes before they leave the kidney
• Secretion involves actively transporting excess quantities of substances from the blood into the liquid passing through the kidney
• The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney

Nervous System

• The Central Nervous System (CNS) processes information and creates responses, consisting of the brain and spinal cord
• The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) receives sensory information and transmits it to the CNS, comprising nerves
• There are different types of receptors, including photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and chemoreceptors, which detect light, physical changes, temperature, and chemicals, respectively

Muscular System

• There are three types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
• Skeletal muscle is voluntary and has striations
• Smooth muscle is found in the stomach and has no striations
• Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and has striations

Skeletal System

• Compact bone is hard and white, found in the outer region of bones
• Spongy bone is found at the tips of bones where joints are located
• Ligaments connect bone to bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone
• The appendicular skeleton allows for movement, while the axial skeleton supports the long axis of the body and protects vital organs

Integumentary System

• The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, followed by the dermis and hypodermis
• Villi and microvilli are responsible for absorbing nutrients from digested food in the small intestine
• The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion

Digestive System

• Saliva helps break down carbohydrates, while pancreatic juice breaks down proteins and fats

• Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the small intestine

• The large intestine is responsible for breaking down fiber and producing certain vitamins

• The relationship between humans and the microbiome in the large intestine is mutualistic### Ecological Dynamics

• Predator-mediated coexistence: Predators limit prey population growth, promoting coexistence.

• Resource partitioning: Evolution of species to use different resources or habitats to avoid competition.

Symbiosis

• Defined as: Intimate living together of different species.
• Types of symbiosis: Mutualism, parasitism, commensalism.

Keystone Species

• Characterized by: Disproportionate impact on community relative to its abundance.
• Plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of its ecosystem.

Mimicry

• Types of mimicry: Batesian mimicry, Mullerian mimicry, camouflage mimicry, aggressive mimicry.
• Batesian mimicry: Harmless species mimicking the warning signals of a harmful species.
• Mullerian mimicry: Coevolution of two species to share identical physical characteristics.

Parasitism

• Defined as: One organism (parasite) benefits, while the other organism (host) is harmed.
• Examples: Cuckoo bird laying eggs in another bird's nest, tapeworms in human intestines.

Apex Predators

• Defined as: Organism at the top of the food chain without natural predators.
• Regulated by: Bottom-up control, top-down control, disease outbreaks, and climate change.

Energy Flow

• Energy is lost as you move up trophic levels in a food chain: 90% of energy is lost at each trophic level.
• Energy is lost due to heat loss through cellular respiration.

Decomposers

• Break down dead organic matter into simple nutrients.
• Play a crucial role in recycling nutrients in an ecosystem.

Trophic Levels

• Primary consumer: Herbivores that consume producers.
• Secondary consumer: Carnivores or omnivores that consume primary consumers.
• Tertiary consumer: Carnivores or omnivores that consume secondary consumers.

Experimental Design

• Dependent variable: The variable being measured or affected in an experiment.
• Independent variable: The variable being manipulated or changed in an experiment.
• Control group: A group that does not receive the treatment or variable being tested.

Cellular Transport

• Passive transport: Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without using energy.
• Facilitated diffusion: Passive transport of molecules through a transport protein.

Genetics

• Punnett square: A diagram used to predict the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes in a cross.
• Incomplete dominance: When one allele does not completely dominate the other allele, resulting in a combination of the two.
• Pleiotropy: When a single gene affects multiple phenotypic traits.

Evolution

• Natural selection: The process by which alleles or traits that allow organisms to survive and reproduce at a higher rate become more common in the population.
• Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence of an organism, which can lead to evolution.
• Vestigial structure: A structure that has lost its function through evolution.

Speciation

• Criteria for species: Two populations that are not capable of interbreeding, or if they do, they produce infertile/nonviable offspring.

Reptiles

• Amniotic egg: A characteristic that allowed reptiles to reproduce on land and not return to bodies of water.
• Stromatolites: Rock structures that give evidence of the presence of prokaryotes, the first organisms to live on Earth.

Tissue Types

• Epithelial tissue is responsible for secretion and absorption
• Connective tissue includes tendons and holds organs in place
• Muscle tissue is involved in contraction
• Nervous tissue is responsible for communication within the body

Blood Vessels

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart
• Veins carry blood back to the heart and have one-way valves to prevent backflow
• Capillaries are involved in the exchange of materials by diffusion with nearby cells

Circulatory System

• The pulmonary circuit involves the right ventricle pumping blood to the lungs to get rid of carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen
• The systemic circuit involves pumping blood throughout the whole body

Respiratory System

• The primary function of the respiratory system is to bring oxygen in and expel carbon dioxide
• The correct order of air traveling through the respiratory system starting with the trachea is: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
• Capillaries are present in the alveoli and enable the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the bloodstream and respiratory system

Urinary System

• The primary function of the urinary system is to remove excess fluids and waste products
• Filtration involves cleaning blood of metabolic wastes
• Reabsorption involves reabsorbing water and valuable solutes before they leave the kidney
• Secretion involves actively transporting excess quantities of substances from the blood into the liquid passing through the kidney
• The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney

Nervous System

• The Central Nervous System (CNS) processes information and creates responses, consisting of the brain and spinal cord
• The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) receives sensory information and transmits it to the CNS, comprising nerves
• There are different types of receptors, including photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and chemoreceptors, which detect light, physical changes, temperature, and chemicals, respectively

Muscular System

• There are three types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
• Skeletal muscle is voluntary and has striations
• Smooth muscle is found in the stomach and has no striations
• Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and has striations

Skeletal System

• Compact bone is hard and white, found in the outer region of bones
• Spongy bone is found at the tips of bones where joints are located
• Ligaments connect bone to bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone
• The appendicular skeleton allows for movement, while the axial skeleton supports the long axis of the body and protects vital organs

Integumentary System

• The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, followed by the dermis and hypodermis
• Villi and microvilli are responsible for absorbing nutrients from digested food in the small intestine
• The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion

Digestive System

• Saliva helps break down carbohydrates, while pancreatic juice breaks down proteins and fats

• Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the small intestine

• The large intestine is responsible for breaking down fiber and producing certain vitamins

• The relationship between humans and the microbiome in the large intestine is mutualistic### Ecological Dynamics

• Predator-mediated coexistence: Predators limit prey population growth, promoting coexistence.

• Resource partitioning: Evolution of species to use different resources or habitats to avoid competition.

Symbiosis

• Defined as: Intimate living together of different species.
• Types of symbiosis: Mutualism, parasitism, commensalism.

Keystone Species

• Characterized by: Disproportionate impact on community relative to its abundance.
• Plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of its ecosystem.

Mimicry

• Types of mimicry: Batesian mimicry, Mullerian mimicry, camouflage mimicry, aggressive mimicry.
• Batesian mimicry: Harmless species mimicking the warning signals of a harmful species.
• Mullerian mimicry: Coevolution of two species to share identical physical characteristics.

Parasitism

• Defined as: One organism (parasite) benefits, while the other organism (host) is harmed.
• Examples: Cuckoo bird laying eggs in another bird's nest, tapeworms in human intestines.

Apex Predators

• Defined as: Organism at the top of the food chain without natural predators.
• Regulated by: Bottom-up control, top-down control, disease outbreaks, and climate change.

Energy Flow

• Energy is lost as you move up trophic levels in a food chain: 90% of energy is lost at each trophic level.
• Energy is lost due to heat loss through cellular respiration.

Decomposers

• Break down dead organic matter into simple nutrients.
• Play a crucial role in recycling nutrients in an ecosystem.

Trophic Levels

• Primary consumer: Herbivores that consume producers.
• Secondary consumer: Carnivores or omnivores that consume primary consumers.
• Tertiary consumer: Carnivores or omnivores that consume secondary consumers.

Experimental Design

• Dependent variable: The variable being measured or affected in an experiment.
• Independent variable: The variable being manipulated or changed in an experiment.
• Control group: A group that does not receive the treatment or variable being tested.

Cellular Transport

• Passive transport: Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without using energy.
• Facilitated diffusion: Passive transport of molecules through a transport protein.

Genetics

• Punnett square: A diagram used to predict the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes in a cross.
• Incomplete dominance: When one allele does not completely dominate the other allele, resulting in a combination of the two.
• Pleiotropy: When a single gene affects multiple phenotypic traits.

Evolution

• Natural selection: The process by which alleles or traits that allow organisms to survive and reproduce at a higher rate become more common in the population.
• Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence of an organism, which can lead to evolution.
• Vestigial structure: A structure that has lost its function through evolution.

Speciation

• Criteria for species: Two populations that are not capable of interbreeding, or if they do, they produce infertile/nonviable offspring.

Reptiles

• Amniotic egg: A characteristic that allowed reptiles to reproduce on land and not return to bodies of water.
• Stromatolites: Rock structures that give evidence of the presence of prokaryotes, the first organisms to live on Earth.