Biology: Types of Tissue

Tissue Types

• Epithelial tissue is responsible for secretion and absorption
• Connective tissue includes tendons and holds organs in place
• Muscle tissue is involved in contraction
• Nervous tissue is responsible for communication within the body

Blood Vessels

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart
• Veins carry blood back to the heart and have one-way valves to prevent backflow
• Capillaries are involved in the exchange of materials by diffusion with nearby cells

Circulatory System

• The pulmonary circuit involves the right ventricle pumping blood to the lungs to get rid of carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen
• The systemic circuit involves pumping blood throughout the whole body

Respiratory System

• The primary function of the respiratory system is to bring oxygen in and expel carbon dioxide
• The correct order of air traveling through the respiratory system starting with the trachea is: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
• Capillaries are present in the alveoli and enable the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the bloodstream and respiratory system

Urinary System

• The primary function of the urinary system is to remove excess fluids and waste products
• Filtration involves cleaning blood of metabolic wastes
• Reabsorption involves reabsorbing water and valuable solutes before they leave the kidney
• Secretion involves actively transporting excess quantities of substances from the blood into the liquid passing through the kidney
• The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney

Nervous System

• The Central Nervous System (CNS) processes information and creates responses, consisting of the brain and spinal cord
• The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) receives sensory information and transmits it to the CNS, comprising nerves
• There are different types of receptors, including photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and chemoreceptors, which detect light, physical changes, temperature, and chemicals, respectively

Muscular System

• There are three types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
• Skeletal muscle is voluntary and has striations
• Smooth muscle is found in the stomach and has no striations
• Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and has striations

Skeletal System

• Compact bone is hard and white, found in the outer region of bones
• Spongy bone is found at the tips of bones where joints are located
• Ligaments connect bone to bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone
• The appendicular skeleton allows for movement, while the axial skeleton supports the long axis of the body and protects vital organs

Integumentary System

• The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, followed by the dermis and hypodermis
• Villi and microvilli are responsible for absorbing nutrients from digested food in the small intestine
• The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion

Digestive System

• Saliva helps break down carbohydrates, while pancreatic juice breaks down proteins and fats

• Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the small intestine

• The large intestine is responsible for breaking down fiber and producing certain vitamins

• The relationship between humans and the microbiome in the large intestine is mutualistic### Ecological Dynamics

• Predator-mediated coexistence: Predators limit prey population growth, promoting coexistence.

• Resource partitioning: Evolution of species to use different resources or habitats to avoid competition.

Symbiosis

• Defined as: Intimate living together of different species.
• Types of symbiosis: Mutualism, parasitism, commensalism.

Keystone Species

• Characterized by: Disproportionate impact on community relative to its abundance.
• Plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of its ecosystem.

Mimicry

• Types of mimicry: Batesian mimicry, Mullerian mimicry, camouflage mimicry, aggressive mimicry.
• Batesian mimicry: Harmless species mimicking the warning signals of a harmful species.
• Mullerian mimicry: Coevolution of two species to share identical physical characteristics.

Parasitism

• Defined as: One organism (parasite) benefits, while the other organism (host) is harmed.
• Examples: Cuckoo bird laying eggs in another bird's nest, tapeworms in human intestines.

Apex Predators

• Defined as: Organism at the top of the food chain without natural predators.
• Regulated by: Bottom-up control, top-down control, disease outbreaks, and climate change.

Energy Flow

• Energy is lost as you move up trophic levels in a food chain: 90% of energy is lost at each trophic level.
• Energy is lost due to heat loss through cellular respiration.

Decomposers

• Break down dead organic matter into simple nutrients.
• Play a crucial role in recycling nutrients in an ecosystem.

Trophic Levels

• Primary consumer: Herbivores that consume producers.
• Secondary consumer: Carnivores or omnivores that consume primary consumers.
• Tertiary consumer: Carnivores or omnivores that consume secondary consumers.

Experimental Design

• Dependent variable: The variable being measured or affected in an experiment.
• Independent variable: The variable being manipulated or changed in an experiment.
• Control group: A group that does not receive the treatment or variable being tested.

Cellular Transport

• Passive transport: Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without using energy.
• Facilitated diffusion: Passive transport of molecules through a transport protein.

Genetics

• Punnett square: A diagram used to predict the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes in a cross.
• Incomplete dominance: When one allele does not completely dominate the other allele, resulting in a combination of the two.
• Pleiotropy: When a single gene affects multiple phenotypic traits.

Evolution

• Natural selection: The process by which alleles or traits that allow organisms to survive and reproduce at a higher rate become more common in the population.
• Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence of an organism, which can lead to evolution.
• Vestigial structure: A structure that has lost its function through evolution.

Speciation

• Criteria for species: Two populations that are not capable of interbreeding, or if they do, they produce infertile/nonviable offspring.

Reptiles

• Amniotic egg: A characteristic that allowed reptiles to reproduce on land and not return to bodies of water.
• Stromatolites: Rock structures that give evidence of the presence of prokaryotes, the first organisms to live on Earth.

Tissue Types

• Epithelial tissue is responsible for secretion and absorption
• Connective tissue includes tendons and holds organs in place
• Muscle tissue is involved in contraction
• Nervous tissue is responsible for communication within the body

Blood Vessels

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart
• Veins carry blood back to the heart and have one-way valves to prevent backflow
• Capillaries are involved in the exchange of materials by diffusion with nearby cells

Circulatory System

• The pulmonary circuit involves the right ventricle pumping blood to the lungs to get rid of carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen
• The systemic circuit involves pumping blood throughout the whole body

Respiratory System

• The primary function of the respiratory system is to bring oxygen in and expel carbon dioxide
• The correct order of air traveling through the respiratory system starting with the trachea is: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
• Capillaries are present in the alveoli and enable the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the bloodstream and respiratory system

Urinary System

• The primary function of the urinary system is to remove excess fluids and waste products
• Filtration involves cleaning blood of metabolic wastes
• Reabsorption involves reabsorbing water and valuable solutes before they leave the kidney
• Secretion involves actively transporting excess quantities of substances from the blood into the liquid passing through the kidney
• The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney

Nervous System

• The Central Nervous System (CNS) processes information and creates responses, consisting of the brain and spinal cord
• The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) receives sensory information and transmits it to the CNS, comprising nerves
• There are different types of receptors, including photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and chemoreceptors, which detect light, physical changes, temperature, and chemicals, respectively

Muscular System

• There are three types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
• Skeletal muscle is voluntary and has striations
• Smooth muscle is found in the stomach and has no striations
• Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and has striations

Skeletal System

• Compact bone is hard and white, found in the outer region of bones
• Spongy bone is found at the tips of bones where joints are located
• Ligaments connect bone to bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone
• The appendicular skeleton allows for movement, while the axial skeleton supports the long axis of the body and protects vital organs

Integumentary System

• The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, followed by the dermis and hypodermis
• Villi and microvilli are responsible for absorbing nutrients from digested food in the small intestine
• The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion

Digestive System

• Saliva helps break down carbohydrates, while pancreatic juice breaks down proteins and fats

• Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the small intestine

• The large intestine is responsible for breaking down fiber and producing certain vitamins

• The relationship between humans and the microbiome in the large intestine is mutualistic### Ecological Dynamics

• Predator-mediated coexistence: Predators limit prey population growth, promoting coexistence.

• Resource partitioning: Evolution of species to use different resources or habitats to avoid competition.

Symbiosis

• Defined as: Intimate living together of different species.
• Types of symbiosis: Mutualism, parasitism, commensalism.

Keystone Species

• Characterized by: Disproportionate impact on community relative to its abundance.
• Plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of its ecosystem.

Mimicry

• Types of mimicry: Batesian mimicry, Mullerian mimicry, camouflage mimicry, aggressive mimicry.
• Batesian mimicry: Harmless species mimicking the warning signals of a harmful species.
• Mullerian mimicry: Coevolution of two species to share identical physical characteristics.

Parasitism

• Defined as: One organism (parasite) benefits, while the other organism (host) is harmed.
• Examples: Cuckoo bird laying eggs in another bird's nest, tapeworms in human intestines.

Apex Predators

• Defined as: Organism at the top of the food chain without natural predators.
• Regulated by: Bottom-up control, top-down control, disease outbreaks, and climate change.

Energy Flow

• Energy is lost as you move up trophic levels in a food chain: 90% of energy is lost at each trophic level.
• Energy is lost due to heat loss through cellular respiration.

Decomposers

• Break down dead organic matter into simple nutrients.
• Play a crucial role in recycling nutrients in an ecosystem.

Trophic Levels

• Primary consumer: Herbivores that consume producers.
• Secondary consumer: Carnivores or omnivores that consume primary consumers.
• Tertiary consumer: Carnivores or omnivores that consume secondary consumers.

Experimental Design

• Dependent variable: The variable being measured or affected in an experiment.
• Independent variable: The variable being manipulated or changed in an experiment.
• Control group: A group that does not receive the treatment or variable being tested.

Cellular Transport

• Passive transport: Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without using energy.
• Facilitated diffusion: Passive transport of molecules through a transport protein.

Genetics

• Punnett square: A diagram used to predict the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes in a cross.
• Incomplete dominance: When one allele does not completely dominate the other allele, resulting in a combination of the two.
• Pleiotropy: When a single gene affects multiple phenotypic traits.

Evolution

• Natural selection: The process by which alleles or traits that allow organisms to survive and reproduce at a higher rate become more common in the population.
• Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence of an organism, which can lead to evolution.
• Vestigial structure: A structure that has lost its function through evolution.

Speciation

• Criteria for species: Two populations that are not capable of interbreeding, or if they do, they produce infertile/nonviable offspring.

Reptiles

• Amniotic egg: A characteristic that allowed reptiles to reproduce on land and not return to bodies of water.
• Stromatolites: Rock structures that give evidence of the presence of prokaryotes, the first organisms to live on Earth.

Identify the types of tissues responsible for different functions in the human body, such as secretion, absorption, contraction, and communication.