Biology: Types of Tissue
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Questions and Answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for secretion and absorption?

  • Connective
  • Epithelial (correct)
  • Muscle
  • Nervous

    • What is an example of a negative feedback loop?

  • Digestion
  • Blood clotting
  • Childbirth contractions
  • Thermoregulation (correct)

    • Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

  • Arteries (correct)
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Veins
  • Capillaries

    • Which circuit involves the right ventricle pumping blood to the lungs to get rid of carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen?

    <p>Pulmonary circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

    <p>Brings oxygen in and expels carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is involved in contraction?

    <p>Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is responsible for communication within the body?

    <p>Nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does homeostasis refer to?

    <p>The body's way of maintaining a constant internal state despite external changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process in the urinary system involves reabsorbing water and valuable solutes before they leave the kidney?

    <p>Reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the kidney?

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting chemicals involved in taste and smell?

    <p>Chemoreceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron transmits the electrical message?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is white matter in the brain and spine composed of?

    <p>Axons and axon terminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is voluntary?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic unit of contraction in a muscle called?

    <p>Sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which filament is considered the thick filament in a sarcomere?

    <p>Myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of myosin in muscle contraction?

    <p>To pull actin using ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron picks up information from other neurons or cells?

    <p>Dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

    <p>Brings oxygen in and expels carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nervous system?

    <p>Coordinates muscle functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of red blood cells?

    <p>Carry oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase is blood pressure at its highest?

    <p>Systolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of blood platelets?

    <p>Help prevent and stop bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

    <p>It moves downward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the job of the atria and where are they located?

    <p>Receive blood; the two upper chambers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is part of the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Pulmonary and systemic circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of air traveling through the respiratory system starting with the trachea?

    <p>Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of filtration in the urinary system?

    <p>Removal of waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is spongy bone typically found?

    <p>At the tips of bones where joints are located</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue links muscle to bone?

    <p>Tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of synovial fluid in joints?

    <p>Lubricates joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the skeleton supports the long axis of the body and protects vital organs?

    <p>Axial skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Allows for movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of the layers of the skin, from outermost to innermost?

    <p>Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are microvilli and villi primarily responsible for in the digestive system?

    <p>Absorbing nutrients from digested food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle tissue is responsible for involuntary contractions of the stomach and intestines?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ligaments in the skeletal system?

    <p>Connect bone to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an apex predator?

    <p>Bee pollinating a flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of decomposers in an ecosystem?

    <p>Break down dead organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates the population size of apex predators in an ecosystem?

    <p>Disease outbreaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes top-down control in trophic systems?

    <p>Regulation of lower trophic levels by higher trophic levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trophic level includes organisms that are primarily herbivores, consuming producers?

    <p>Primary consumer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an experiment, which variable is being manipulated?

    <p>Independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental characteristic of scientific experimentation?

    <p>Falsifiability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of transport across a cellular membrane uses energy and flows against a concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a homozygous recessive trait appear in a Punnett square?

    <p>bb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What explains the pink color of the offspring flowers?

    <p>Incomplete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of extreme weather events are associated with climate change?

    <p>Melting of polar ice and glaciers, changes in rainfall patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does global warming exemplify a positive feedback system destabilizing Earth's climate?

    <p>Melting of ice caps releasing carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does species richness indicate about a biological community?

    <p>Number of different species present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Competitive Exclusion Principle, what happens when two species compete for the same resources?

    <p>One species outcompetes the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a species' niche describe?

    <p>Its role and resources used in its habitat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does commensalism (+/0) signify in ecological terms?

    <p>One species benefits, the other is unaffected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is energy primarily lost in ecosystems?

    <p>Release as heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the populations of Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum when they competed for resources?

    <p>One population outcompeted and eliminated the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a keystone species in a community?

    <p>Disproportionate impact on community relative to its abundance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mimicry involves a harmless species mimicking the warning signals of a harmful species?

    <p>Batesian mimicry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental difference between biotic and abiotic components?

    <p>Biotic components are living, while abiotic components are non-living.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the Earth's seasons?

    <p>Tilt of the Earth's axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where on Earth is the hottest due to direct sunlight?

    <p>Equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for determining the climate?

    <p>By the angle at which the Earth's axis tilts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biosphere defined as?

    <p>All living and nonliving components of Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity primarily contributes to the release of Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere?

    <p>Burning of fossil fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do greenhouse gases like CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄ primarily accumulate?

    <p>Troposphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ocean currents like the global ocean conveyor belt?

    <p>Distributing heat around the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do greenhouse gases do in the atmosphere?

    <p>Absorb heat radiating from Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did fossil fuel burning contribute to global warming during the industrial revolution in the 1900s?

    <p>By trapping heat in the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a gene that has multiple phenotypic impacts when mutated?

    <p>Pleiotropy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many alleles does a diploid cell have for a given gene, and from what type of chromosomes?

    <p>Two alleles from homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do males tend to exhibit X-linked genetic diseases more frequently than females?

    <p>Males have XY chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a variant of a gene found on a chromosome?

    <p>An allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common force behind evolution that leads to the increase in frequency of alleles or traits that allow organisms to survive and reproduce at a higher rate?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a structure that has lost its original function through evolution?

    <p>Vestigial structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is evidence that two populations of lizards are distinct species?

    <p>The two populations are not capable of interbreeding, or if they do, they produce infertile/nonviable offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rock structures that provide evidence of the presence of ancient prokaryotes?

    <p>Stromatolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epithelial tissue?

    <p>Facilitating the exchange of materials between the body and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood vessels have the thinnest walls and are involved in the exchange of materials by diffusion with nearby cells?

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the systemic circuit?

    <p>Pumping blood throughout the whole body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is responsible for connecting and supporting the body?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the coronary circuit?

    <p>Supplying blood to the heart muscle itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of feedback loop is exemplified by thermoregulation?

    <p>Negative feedback loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lymphatic vessels?

    <p>Removing excess fluids and waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is involved in the contraction of the heart?

    <p>Muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental difference between biotic and abiotic components?

    <p>Biotic components are living, while abiotic components are non-living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the Earth's seasons?

    <p>Tilt of the Earth's axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of climate?

    <p>Angle of the Earth's axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do greenhouse gases like CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄ primarily accumulate?

    <p>Troposphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ocean currents like the global ocean conveyor belt?

    <p>Distributing heat around the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transpiration in plants?

    <p>Release of water vapor through leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of convection in heat transfer?

    <p>Transfer of heat through fluids due to molecular motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the biosphere?

    <p>All living and nonliving components of Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary sector responsible for the release of CO₂ from transportation and industrial processes?

    <p>Industrial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of freshwater is available on Earth, and how much of that is fresh, liquid, and on the surface?

    <p>1.5% freshwater; 0.01% fresh, liquid, and on the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does species richness indicate about a biological community?

    <p>Number of different species present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a species' niche describe?

    <p>Its role and resources used in its habitat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of species is better adapted to changing environments due to its broad niche?

    <p>Generalists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does commensalism (+/0) signify in ecological terms?

    <p>One species benefits, the other is unaffected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is energy primarily lost in ecosystems?

    <p>Release as heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the populations of Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum when they competed for resources?

    <p>One population outcompeted and eliminated the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines symbiosis in ecology?

    <p>Intimate living together of different species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a keystone species in a community?

    <p>Disproportionate impact on community relative to its abundance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Mullerian mimicry in ecology?

    <p>Coevolution of two species to share identical physical characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of parasitism in ecology?

    <p>Tapeworm living in the digestive system of a host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the urinary system?

    <p>Removes excess fluids and waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct composition of blood?

    <p>60% plasma and 40% cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of white blood cells?

    <p>Act as immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process in the urinary system involves actively transporting excess quantities of substances from the blood into the liquid passing through the kidney?

    <p>Secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the kidney?

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the diaphragm relaxes?

    <p>It moves upward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor responds to light and is involved in vision?

    <p>Photoreceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the diaphragm relax?

    <p>During exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the atria?

    <p>Receive blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the job of a nephron?

    <p>Filtering plasma, reabsorbing water and solutes, and conserving water while concentrating urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ventricles?

    <p>Pump blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron processes information?

    <p>Cell body (soma)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gray matter in the brain and spine composed of?

    <p>Dendrites and cell bodies of neurons (soma)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of capillaries in the alveoli?

    <p>Enable the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

    <p>Respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neural plasticity?

    <p>The ability of neurons to form more connections with other neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a negative feedback loop?

    <p>The result of a process causes it to slow down or stop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is found in the heart and has striations?

    <p>Cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of myosin in muscle contraction?

    <p>To pull actin using ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor detects physical changes such as touch, hearing, and proprioception?

    <p>Mechanoreceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?

    <p>Supports the long axis of the body and protects vital organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the dermis in the skin?

    <p>Provides flexibility and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the small intestine in the digestive system?

    <p>Absorption of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pancreas in the digestive system?

    <p>Secretes digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypodermis in the skin?

    <p>Attaches skin to underlying tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the large intestine in the digestive system?

    <p>Absorbs water and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tendons in the skeletal system?

    <p>Connect muscle to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the esophagus in the digestive system?

    <p>Transports food to the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a gene that has multiple phenotypic impacts?

    <p>Pleiotropy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a cell that has two sets of chromosomes?

    <p>Diploid state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fascia in the skeletal system?

    <p>Supports and connects muscles to other tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do males tend to exhibit X-linked genetic diseases more frequently than females?

    <p>Males have one X and one Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a variant of a gene found on a chromosome?

    <p>Allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common force behind evolution?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a vestigial structure?

    <p>A vestigial structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mutation relate to evolution?

    <p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following evidence would convince you that two populations of lizards are two distinct species?

    <p>The two populations are not capable of interbreeding, or if they do, they produce infertile/nonviable offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of decomposers in an ecosystem?

    <p>To break down dead organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy conversion occurs in cellular respiration?

    <p>Heat loss through cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of who eats whom in an ecosystem?

    <p>Food chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates the population size of apex predators in an ecosystem?

    <p>Top-down control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental nature of scientific experimentation?

    <p>Falsifiability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic that differentiates prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles like a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of transport across a cellular membrane that does not use energy and flows with a concentration gradient?

    <p>Passive transport/Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a homozygous recessive trait appear in a Punnett square?

    <p>bb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What explains the pink color of the offspring flowers?

    <p>Incomplete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the crystalline protein in the human eye?

    <p>Crucial for vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tissue Types

    • Epithelial tissue is responsible for secretion and absorption
    • Connective tissue includes tendons and holds organs in place
    • Muscle tissue is involved in contraction
    • Nervous tissue is responsible for communication within the body

    Blood Vessels

    • Arteries carry blood away from the heart
    • Veins carry blood back to the heart and have one-way valves to prevent backflow
    • Capillaries are involved in the exchange of materials by diffusion with nearby cells

    Circulatory System

    • The pulmonary circuit involves the right ventricle pumping blood to the lungs to get rid of carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen
    • The systemic circuit involves pumping blood throughout the whole body

    Respiratory System

    • The primary function of the respiratory system is to bring oxygen in and expel carbon dioxide
    • The correct order of air traveling through the respiratory system starting with the trachea is: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
    • Capillaries are present in the alveoli and enable the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the bloodstream and respiratory system

    Urinary System

    • The primary function of the urinary system is to remove excess fluids and waste products
    • Filtration involves cleaning blood of metabolic wastes
    • Reabsorption involves reabsorbing water and valuable solutes before they leave the kidney
    • Secretion involves actively transporting excess quantities of substances from the blood into the liquid passing through the kidney
    • The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney

    Nervous System

    • The Central Nervous System (CNS) processes information and creates responses, consisting of the brain and spinal cord
    • The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) receives sensory information and transmits it to the CNS, comprising nerves
    • There are different types of receptors, including photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and chemoreceptors, which detect light, physical changes, temperature, and chemicals, respectively

    Muscular System

    • There are three types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
    • Skeletal muscle is voluntary and has striations
    • Smooth muscle is found in the stomach and has no striations
    • Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and has striations

    Skeletal System

    • Compact bone is hard and white, found in the outer region of bones
    • Spongy bone is found at the tips of bones where joints are located
    • Ligaments connect bone to bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone
    • The appendicular skeleton allows for movement, while the axial skeleton supports the long axis of the body and protects vital organs

    Integumentary System

    • The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, followed by the dermis and hypodermis
    • Villi and microvilli are responsible for absorbing nutrients from digested food in the small intestine
    • The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion

    Digestive System

    • Saliva helps break down carbohydrates, while pancreatic juice breaks down proteins and fats

    • Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the small intestine

    • The large intestine is responsible for breaking down fiber and producing certain vitamins

    • The relationship between humans and the microbiome in the large intestine is mutualistic### Ecological Dynamics

    • Predator-mediated coexistence: Predators limit prey population growth, promoting coexistence.

    • Resource partitioning: Evolution of species to use different resources or habitats to avoid competition.

    Symbiosis

    • Defined as: Intimate living together of different species.
    • Types of symbiosis: Mutualism, parasitism, commensalism.

    Keystone Species

    • Characterized by: Disproportionate impact on community relative to its abundance.
    • Plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of its ecosystem.

    Mimicry

    • Types of mimicry: Batesian mimicry, Mullerian mimicry, camouflage mimicry, aggressive mimicry.
    • Batesian mimicry: Harmless species mimicking the warning signals of a harmful species.
    • Mullerian mimicry: Coevolution of two species to share identical physical characteristics.

    Parasitism

    • Defined as: One organism (parasite) benefits, while the other organism (host) is harmed.
    • Examples: Cuckoo bird laying eggs in another bird's nest, tapeworms in human intestines.

    Apex Predators

    • Defined as: Organism at the top of the food chain without natural predators.
    • Regulated by: Bottom-up control, top-down control, disease outbreaks, and climate change.

    Energy Flow

    • Energy is lost as you move up trophic levels in a food chain: 90% of energy is lost at each trophic level.
    • Energy is lost due to heat loss through cellular respiration.

    Decomposers

    • Break down dead organic matter into simple nutrients.
    • Play a crucial role in recycling nutrients in an ecosystem.

    Trophic Levels

    • Primary consumer: Herbivores that consume producers.
    • Secondary consumer: Carnivores or omnivores that consume primary consumers.
    • Tertiary consumer: Carnivores or omnivores that consume secondary consumers.

    Experimental Design

    • Dependent variable: The variable being measured or affected in an experiment.
    • Independent variable: The variable being manipulated or changed in an experiment.
    • Control group: A group that does not receive the treatment or variable being tested.

    Cellular Transport

    • Passive transport: Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without using energy.
    • Facilitated diffusion: Passive transport of molecules through a transport protein.

    Genetics

    • Punnett square: A diagram used to predict the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes in a cross.
    • Incomplete dominance: When one allele does not completely dominate the other allele, resulting in a combination of the two.
    • Pleiotropy: When a single gene affects multiple phenotypic traits.

    Evolution

    • Natural selection: The process by which alleles or traits that allow organisms to survive and reproduce at a higher rate become more common in the population.
    • Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence of an organism, which can lead to evolution.
    • Vestigial structure: A structure that has lost its function through evolution.

    Speciation

    • Criteria for species: Two populations that are not capable of interbreeding, or if they do, they produce infertile/nonviable offspring.

    Reptiles

    • Amniotic egg: A characteristic that allowed reptiles to reproduce on land and not return to bodies of water.
    • Stromatolites: Rock structures that give evidence of the presence of prokaryotes, the first organisms to live on Earth.

    Tissue Types

    • Epithelial tissue is responsible for secretion and absorption
    • Connective tissue includes tendons and holds organs in place
    • Muscle tissue is involved in contraction
    • Nervous tissue is responsible for communication within the body

    Blood Vessels

    • Arteries carry blood away from the heart
    • Veins carry blood back to the heart and have one-way valves to prevent backflow
    • Capillaries are involved in the exchange of materials by diffusion with nearby cells

    Circulatory System

    • The pulmonary circuit involves the right ventricle pumping blood to the lungs to get rid of carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen
    • The systemic circuit involves pumping blood throughout the whole body

    Respiratory System

    • The primary function of the respiratory system is to bring oxygen in and expel carbon dioxide
    • The correct order of air traveling through the respiratory system starting with the trachea is: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
    • Capillaries are present in the alveoli and enable the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the bloodstream and respiratory system

    Urinary System

    • The primary function of the urinary system is to remove excess fluids and waste products
    • Filtration involves cleaning blood of metabolic wastes
    • Reabsorption involves reabsorbing water and valuable solutes before they leave the kidney
    • Secretion involves actively transporting excess quantities of substances from the blood into the liquid passing through the kidney
    • The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney

    Nervous System

    • The Central Nervous System (CNS) processes information and creates responses, consisting of the brain and spinal cord
    • The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) receives sensory information and transmits it to the CNS, comprising nerves
    • There are different types of receptors, including photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and chemoreceptors, which detect light, physical changes, temperature, and chemicals, respectively

    Muscular System

    • There are three types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
    • Skeletal muscle is voluntary and has striations
    • Smooth muscle is found in the stomach and has no striations
    • Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and has striations

    Skeletal System

    • Compact bone is hard and white, found in the outer region of bones
    • Spongy bone is found at the tips of bones where joints are located
    • Ligaments connect bone to bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone
    • The appendicular skeleton allows for movement, while the axial skeleton supports the long axis of the body and protects vital organs

    Integumentary System

    • The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, followed by the dermis and hypodermis
    • Villi and microvilli are responsible for absorbing nutrients from digested food in the small intestine
    • The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion

    Digestive System

    • Saliva helps break down carbohydrates, while pancreatic juice breaks down proteins and fats

    • Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the small intestine

    • The large intestine is responsible for breaking down fiber and producing certain vitamins

    • The relationship between humans and the microbiome in the large intestine is mutualistic### Ecological Dynamics

    • Predator-mediated coexistence: Predators limit prey population growth, promoting coexistence.

    • Resource partitioning: Evolution of species to use different resources or habitats to avoid competition.

    Symbiosis

    • Defined as: Intimate living together of different species.
    • Types of symbiosis: Mutualism, parasitism, commensalism.

    Keystone Species

    • Characterized by: Disproportionate impact on community relative to its abundance.
    • Plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of its ecosystem.

    Mimicry

    • Types of mimicry: Batesian mimicry, Mullerian mimicry, camouflage mimicry, aggressive mimicry.
    • Batesian mimicry: Harmless species mimicking the warning signals of a harmful species.
    • Mullerian mimicry: Coevolution of two species to share identical physical characteristics.

    Parasitism

    • Defined as: One organism (parasite) benefits, while the other organism (host) is harmed.
    • Examples: Cuckoo bird laying eggs in another bird's nest, tapeworms in human intestines.

    Apex Predators

    • Defined as: Organism at the top of the food chain without natural predators.
    • Regulated by: Bottom-up control, top-down control, disease outbreaks, and climate change.

    Energy Flow

    • Energy is lost as you move up trophic levels in a food chain: 90% of energy is lost at each trophic level.
    • Energy is lost due to heat loss through cellular respiration.

    Decomposers

    • Break down dead organic matter into simple nutrients.
    • Play a crucial role in recycling nutrients in an ecosystem.

    Trophic Levels

    • Primary consumer: Herbivores that consume producers.
    • Secondary consumer: Carnivores or omnivores that consume primary consumers.
    • Tertiary consumer: Carnivores or omnivores that consume secondary consumers.

    Experimental Design

    • Dependent variable: The variable being measured or affected in an experiment.
    • Independent variable: The variable being manipulated or changed in an experiment.
    • Control group: A group that does not receive the treatment or variable being tested.

    Cellular Transport

    • Passive transport: Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without using energy.
    • Facilitated diffusion: Passive transport of molecules through a transport protein.

    Genetics

    • Punnett square: A diagram used to predict the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes in a cross.
    • Incomplete dominance: When one allele does not completely dominate the other allele, resulting in a combination of the two.
    • Pleiotropy: When a single gene affects multiple phenotypic traits.

    Evolution

    • Natural selection: The process by which alleles or traits that allow organisms to survive and reproduce at a higher rate become more common in the population.
    • Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence of an organism, which can lead to evolution.
    • Vestigial structure: A structure that has lost its function through evolution.

    Speciation

    • Criteria for species: Two populations that are not capable of interbreeding, or if they do, they produce infertile/nonviable offspring.

    Reptiles

    • Amniotic egg: A characteristic that allowed reptiles to reproduce on land and not return to bodies of water.
    • Stromatolites: Rock structures that give evidence of the presence of prokaryotes, the first organisms to live on Earth.

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    Identify the types of tissues responsible for different functions in the human body, such as secretion, absorption, contraction, and communication.

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