Biology Tubellarians Overview
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What is one common feature of Tubellarians?

  • They possess light-sensitive eye spots. (correct)
  • They have leaf-like bodies.
  • They lack tactile and chemoreceptor cells.
  • They exclusively reproduce asexually.

    • Which of the following is true about the reproductive methods of Tubellarians?

  • Tubellarians cannot reproduce sexually.
  • Tubellarians reproduce solely by fission.
  • They are only capable of asexual reproduction.
  • They are hermaphroditic and exchange gametes. (correct)

    • What term is used to describe the cavity that lacks a peritoneal lining in true coelomates?

  • Hemocoel
  • Pseudocoel (correct)
  • Acoelom
  • Coelom

    • What characterizes the adult Trematoda in terms of anatomy?

    <p>They have cylindrical or leaf-like shapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the life cycle of Trematodes is accurate?

    <p>Eggs are shed in water and can infect intermediate hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many species of roundworms (Phylum Nematoda) have been described so far?

    <p>12,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is eutely in nematodes?

    <p>Constant number of cells during growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Trematodes is known to infect humans?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of molluscs in the life cycle of Trematodes?

    <p>They act as intermediate hosts for asexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nematodes primarily feeds on bacteria, yeast, and plant juices?

    <p>Free-living nematodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can individual flukes of Clonorchis sinensis live in humans?

    <p>15-30 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method of infection for parasitic nematodes?

    <p>Eating poorly-cooked meat containing larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nematodes is known to cause trichinosis?

    <p>Trichinella spiralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the basis of the classification of Trematodes into tissue flukes and blood flukes?

    <p>The system or organs they infect in the host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual reproductive method of nematodes?

    <p>Sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant ecological role of nematodes in their environments?

    <p>Decomposing organic materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of circulatory system is present in most molluscs?

    <p>Open circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mollusc group is noted for reaching the largest size?

    <p>Cephalopods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the radula in molluscs?

    <p>Feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the molluscan body plan is responsible for digestive and reproductive functions?

    <p>Visceral mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two folds of skin that form a protective layer in molluscs called?

    <p>Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer layer of a molluscan shell called?

    <p>Periostracum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reproduction is typically seen in most molluscs?

    <p>Dioecious reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two larval stages that molluscs may go through during development?

    <p>Trochophore and Veliger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Class Caudofoveata?

    <p>They have a burrowing lifestyle with no shells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mollusc class is known for having 8 articulating plates?

    <p>Class Polyplacophora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of molluscs has no radula or gills?

    <p>Class Solenogastres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do bivalves primarily use to feed?

    <p>Sedentary filter feeding using ciliary currents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mollusc class was thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered in 1952?

    <p>Class Monoplacophora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feeding adaptation of the Class Polyplacophora?

    <p>A reinforced radula made with magnetite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about Class Bivalvia?

    <p>Bivalves have laterally compressed bodies with two shells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant factor in the locomotion of bivalves?

    <p>Use of jet propulsion through a muscular foot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the most dangerous consequences of worms encysting in the human body?

    <p>Respiratory paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nematodes is known to attack garden plants?

    <p>Root-knot nematodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can predatory nematodes be bred for use as pest control?

    <p>By soaking specific leaves in water and keeping it dark and cool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum is described as having about 250 species, known as 'horsehair worms'?

    <p>Nematomorpha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique characteristic of phylum Kinorhyncha?

    <p>They have a complete digestive tract and sensory eyespots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of phylum Loricifera?

    <p>They possess tiny protective cases called lorica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT true for the phylum Priapulida?

    <p>They are all less than 1mm long</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Rotifera from other phyla?

    <p>They possess a characteristic ciliated 'crown' or corona</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Active Locomotion and Nervous System

    • Active locomotion in organisms promotes cephalisation, enhancing nervous system complexity.
    • Light-sensitive eyespots (ocelli) prevalent in Tubellarians and larval trematodes aid in environmental awareness.
    • Auricles on the heads of planarians contain tactile and chemoreceptor cells, enhancing sensory perception.

    Reproductive Strategies and Regeneration in Tubellarians

    • Tubellarians can reproduce both sexually and asexually, with fission as a common asexual method.
    • They possess remarkable regenerative abilities; excised tissue can regenerate a complete individual.
    • Tubellarians are hermaphroditic, requiring gamete exchange with another individual for reproduction.

    Trematoda Overview

    • Trematodes consist of an estimated 18,000 to 24,000 species, most of which are parasitic.
    • Commonly include leaf-like or cylindrical bodies without cilia, with ventral suckers for attachment.
    • Alimentary canal features two main branches for digestion.

    Classification of Trematodes

    • Divided into tissue flukes (e.g., Paragonimus westermani, Clonorchis sinensis) and blood flukes (e.g., Schistosoma species).
    • Tissue flukes infect bile ducts, lungs, or various biological tissues, while blood flukes inhabit the blood.

    Life Cycle and Infection of Trematodes

    • Complex life cycles involving molluscs as intermediate hosts, with a mix of sexual and asexual reproduction.
    • Eggs are shed in feces, hatch in water releasing infective larval forms targeting intermediate hosts.
    • Human infections can occur through consumption of undercooked infected fish or direct exposure.

    Nematoda (Roundworms) Characteristics

    • Phylum Nematoda includes 12,000 described species, potentially up to 500,000 worldwide.
    • Habitat diversity ranges from marine to freshwater and soil environments.
    • Eutely phenomenon characterized by a constant cell number as individuals grow larger.

    Nematodes as Parasites and Ecological Role

    • Nematodes are prevalent parasites affecting various plants and animals, significantly impacting agriculture.
    • Free-living nematodes feed on organic material and are prey to larger organisms, playing crucial ecological roles.

    Reproduction and Life Cycle of Nematodes

    • Sexual reproduction is typical, with males often smaller and adapted for copulation.
    • Complicated life cycles are common in parasitic forms, involving multiple hosts and varying infection routes.

    Trichinosis and Other Human-affecting Nematodes

    • Trichinella spiralis causes trichinosis, leading to gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms after consuming infected meat.
    • Other common human parasitic nematodes include whipworms, hookworms, pinworms, and filarids (e.g., Wuchereria bancrofti).

    Unique Phyla within Ecdysozoa

    • Horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) are free-living as adults and parasitic during juvenile stages, featuring vestigial digestive systems.
    • Kinorhyncha are tiny (less than 1 mm), segmented, and adapted to various marine environments.
    • Loricifera, recently described, are less than 0.25 mm, possessing a protective case and living between sand grains.

    Molluscan Anatomy and Physiology

    • Mollusks have evolved complex structures, including a 'head-foot' region for sensory and locomotor functions, and a visceral mass for organ systems.
    • A protective mantle surrounds the mantle cavity, which houses gills or lungs and can secrete a shell in many species.

    Molluscan Diversity and Classes

    • Ten classes of molluscs exist, with 250,000+ species; some classes include:
      • Caudofoveata: Deep-sea worm-like creatures with no shells, radula present.
      • Bivalvia: Includes clams, oysters, and mussels, characterized by two shells and lack of a radula.
      • Polyplacophora: Chitons with dorsal plates, adapted for rocky shorelines.

    Life Cycle and Larval Stages

    • Molluscs exhibit free-swimming larval stages: trochophores and sometimes veligers in more advanced groups.
    • Direct juvenile hatching occurs in cephalopods and some others, eliminating the larval stage.

    Ecological Significance of Nematodes

    • Nematodes can be beneficial, such as predatory species that reduce pest populations, or harmful, affecting crops and livestock.
    • Predator-prey dynamics involving nematodes play significant roles in ecosystem functioning and agriculture.

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    Description

    This quiz delves into the unique characteristics of Tubellarians, focusing on their nervous system development, sensory organs, and reproductive methods. Explore the fascinating features like eyespots, tactile cells, and their remarkable regenerative abilities. Perfect for students studying biology and invertebrate systems.

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