Biology: tRNA and Protein Synthesis

tRNA

• Stands for transfer RNA, crucial in the process of protein synthesis.
• Carries specific amino acids to ribosomes, where proteins are assembled.
• Has an anticodon region that pairs with the codon on mRNA to ensure correct amino acid delivery.

Ribosome

• A cell organelle made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins.
• Functions as the site for protein synthesis, translating mRNA sequences into polypeptide chains.
• Exists in two subunits, large and small, that come together during protein synthesis.

Anticodon

• Consists of three nucleotide bases found on a tRNA molecule.
• Complementary to the mRNA codon, allowing precise pairing during translation.
• Plays a critical role in ensuring that the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain.

Codon

• A sequence of three nucleotide bases on mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid.
• Each codon corresponds to one amino acid, essential for the accurate translation of genetic information.
• There are 64 possible codons that code for 20 different amino acids.

Polypeptide Chain

• Comprised of a sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
• These chains fold into specific three-dimensional shapes, forming functional proteins.
• The length and composition of a polypeptide chain determine the structure and role of the protein.

Peptide Bond

• A covalent bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.
• Responsible for linking amino acids together to form polypeptides and proteins.
• The formation of peptide bonds occurs during the process of translation within ribosomes.

Amino Acid

• The fundamental building blocks of proteins, each possessing an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain.
• There are 20 different amino acids that combine in various sequences to create a vast array of proteins.
• Essential for numerous biological processes, including metabolism, cell signaling, and structural functions.