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Questions and Answers
Which function is NOT associated with epithelial tissue?
What is the primary composition of connective tissue?
Which type of muscle tissue is under voluntary control?
Which type of connective tissue provides cushioning for the ends of bones?
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What is the main role of smooth muscle tissue?
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Which of the following connective tissues is specialized for transportation?
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Which cell fibers are primarily found in connective tissue?
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Which of the following correctly identifies a function of cardiac muscle?
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What is the primary function of cardiac muscle?
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Which part of the nervous system is responsible for transmitting electrical signals?
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What is the main function of the liver?
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Which lobes of the brain are primarily involved in sensory processing?
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What structure protects the axon in a neuron?
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Which organ plays a key role in regulating blood sugar?
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Which type of tissue is primarily responsible for the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine?
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What is the function of the cerebellum?
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What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?
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Which organ is primarily involved in gas exchange?
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The skin serves what major function?
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What is the main function of the large intestine?
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Which part of the brain governs judgment and decision-making?
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What primary function does the medulla oblongata serve in the body?
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During which phase of the heart's cycle do the ventricles contract?
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Which of the following correctly describes the flow of deoxygenated blood through the heart?
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What is the purpose of the septum in the heart?
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Which heart valve is responsible for allowing blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta?
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What is the role of the coronary arteries?
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What happens to the heart valves during diastole?
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Which part of the brain primarily connects the brain stem to the spinal cord?
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Study Notes
Tissues
- Tissues are groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
- The 4 basic types of tissue found in animals are: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
Epithelial Tissue
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Function:
- Protection from sun and pathogens
- Secretion of hormones and mucus
- Absorption and exchange (like oxygen and carbon dioxide)
- Sensory perception (touch and feel)
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Location:
- Closely packed cells connected by cell junctions
- Forms sheets lining cavities and covering surfaces
- Found in outer skin, lining of internal organs, and blood vessels
Connective Tissue
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Function:
- Structural support
- Defense against pathogens
- Transportation of substances
- Binding and connecting tissues
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Substance and Structure:
- Primarily extracellular matrix (ECM) with few cells
- Contains 3 types of fibers: collagen, elastin, and ground material (water, fluid, and protein)
- Blood and lymph are specialized fluid-connective tissues without fibers.
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Types and Locations:
- Cartilage: Cushions and buffers ends of bones
- Adipose (fat): Stores energy and provides insulation
- Loose: Found around and within blood vessels and organs
- Fibrous: Makes up ligaments and tendons
- Blood: Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients throughout the body
- Bone: Provides structure, support, and protection
Muscle Tissue
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Function:
- Movement (of food, blood, and waste)
- Maintaining posture
- Heat generation
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Types and Locations:
- Skeletal Muscle (voluntary): Attached to bones; contractions are voluntary (conscious control)
- Smooth Muscle (involuntary): Found in walls of internal organs (like stomach and intestines); contractions aid organ functions (e.g. squeezing food in stomach)
- Cardiac Muscle (involuntary): Found only in the heart; contractions pump blood; contains many mitochondria for energy, reducing fatigue
Nervous Tissue
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Function:
- Transmits electrical signals throughout the body
- Allows communication between the brain and the body
- Synapses: connections between neurons facilitated by neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin)
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Type:
- Neurons: nerve cells and brain cells
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Substance and Structure:
- Cell body: contains the nucleus
- Dendrites: Receive signals
- Axon (protected by myelin sheath): Transmits signals, ending in axon terminals
-
Structure:
- Long, string-like structure
10 Vital Human Organs
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Brain: Located in the head within the skull; made of nervous tissue.
- Controls the body.
- Stores information.
- Enables thinking and learning.
- Regulates vital functions (digestion, heart rate, breathing).
- Receives impulses from nerves throughout the body.
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Heart: Located center-left of the chest; made of cardiac muscle.
- Pumps oxygenated blood.
- Receives deoxygenated blood.
- Removes carbon dioxide.
- Beats more than 2.5 billion times in a lifetime.
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Lungs: Located behind the heart, protected by the rib cage; made of epithelial and connective tissues.
- Enables breathing.
- Takes in oxygen, which travels through the blood and heart.
- Expels carbon dioxide as the heart receives deoxygenated blood.
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Liver: Largest internal organ, located in the upper-left abdomen; made of epithelial and smooth muscle tissues.
- Produces bile for digestion and food metabolism.
- Filters toxins from blood.
- Regulates blood sugar.
- Releases cholesterol and breaks down fat.
- Produces blood proteins.
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Kidneys: Located under the rib cage in the lower back; made of epithelial and connective tissues.
- Filter waste and salts from blood.
- Produce urine.
- Produce renin (enzyme).
- Regulate arterial blood pressure.
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Stomach: Located in the center of the body; made of epithelial tissue.
- Receives food from the esophagus.
- Sends food to the small intestine.
- Breaks down food and mixes it with digestive juices (enzymes).
- Produces acid.
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Small Intestine: Located under the stomach; made of epithelial and smooth muscle tissues.
- Digests food using enzymes.
- Absorbs nutrients from food using villi.
- Delivers nutrients to the blood.
- About 5 meters long.
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Large Intestine: Located around the small intestine, below the stomach; mostly epithelial and smooth muscle tissues.
- Involved in digestion and absorbs water.
- Receives undigested food.
- Expels waste and excess fiber.
- Around 1.5 meters long.
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Pancreas: Located in the abdomen, behind the stomach; made of epithelial tissue.
- Produces enzymes necessary for digestion, sent to the stomach.
- Regulates blood sugar by producing insulin and facilitating cellular glucose intake.
- Regulates carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism.
- Creates glucagon (the opposite of insulin).
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Skin: Largest external organ, covering the entire body; made of epithelial tissue.
- Maintains body temperature using sweat to cool off and remove excess waste.
- Traps heat.
Parts of the Brain
- Frontal Lobe: Judgment, decision making, impulse control, personality, memory
- Parietal Lobe: Touch, pain, temperature, visual and auditory information processing, spatial awareness, memory formation
- Occipital Lobe: Primary visual cortex, controls awareness and memory of visual stimuli, visual analysis
- Temporal Lobe: Primary auditory and olfactory cortex, analyzes and memorizes sounds and smells, comprehends languages
- Cerebellum: Muscle control, balance and movement
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Brain Stem:
- Midbrain: Motivation and reward center, motor control (especially eye movements)
- Pons: Head and face sensations, motor movement of eyes, face, and mouth, hearing, balance, automatic functions (tear and saliva production)
- Medulla Oblongata: Connects the brain stem to the spinal cord, “transit station” for nerve signals, controls vital systems (respiratory, cardiovascular/circulatory), reflexes (vomiting, swallowing, coughing, sneezing)
Labeled Parts
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Brain:
- Frontal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Hypothalamus
- Occipital Lobe
- Cerebellum
- Spinal Cord
- Medulla Oblongata
- Pons
- Temporal Lobe
- Pituitary Gland
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Heart:
- Superior Vena Cava
- Right Atrium
- Tricuspid Valve
- Right Ventricle
- Inferior Vena Cava
- Septum
- Left Ventricle
- Mitral Valve
- Left Atrium
- Pulmonary Vein
- Pulmonary Valve
- Pulmonary Artery
- Aorta
Heart Process
- Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava (right side) and enters the right atrium, then the right ventricle.
- The blood is pumped through the pulmonary arteries into the lungs.
- The lungs oxygenate the blood and send it back to the heart through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, then the left ventricle.
- The oxygenated blood is pumped through the aorta to the rest of the body.
- The four heart valves (pulmonary, aortic, tricuspid, and mitral) open and close in one direction with each heartbeat.
- Systole: Heart contraction, ventricles contract and force blood into vessels going to the lungs and body
- Diastole: Heart relaxation, ventricles relax, tricuspid and mitral valves open, blood flows from atria to ventricles.
- Coronary arteries bring blood to the heart itself to nourish it.
- The heart operates through electrical impulses.
- The septum divides the heart to prevent oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.
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Description
This quiz covers the four basic types of animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. It explores their functions, locations, and unique characteristics, providing a comprehensive understanding of tissue structure and purpose in biology.
