Questions and Answers
What are Cnidocytes?
Specialized stinging cells found in Cnidarians, used for defense and catching prey.
What differentiates Polyps and Medusas?
Polyps adhere to a surface at the base and have a gastrovascular top; Medusas have a bell-shaped body, are free-moving, and have their gastrovascular cavity on the bottom.
Describe how a sponge feeds and digests its food.
A sponge catches its food by moving water through the pores and out the Osculum. It's digested by being engulfed in mucus in the pores.
List the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from other animal phyla.
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List the four classes of Cnidaria and distinguish among them based on life cycle morphology.
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List the characteristics of Platyhelminthes and distinguish among the four classes.
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Describe the features of molluscs and distinguish among the four classes.
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Describe the features of annelids and distinguish among the three classes.
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List the characteristics of nematodes that distinguish them from other wormlike animals.
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List three features that account for the success of arthropods.
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Define and distinguish among the three major arthropod lineages.
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Describe the developmental similarities between echinoderms and chordates.
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What are the characteristics of the Phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from other animals?
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What is a coelomate?
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The animals of the clade Errantia have a pair of paddle-like structures called...?
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The bristles on parapodia are called what? And what are they made of?
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What chemicals do Leeches secrete and what is it used for?
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Which Clade is most species rich?
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What are cuticles made of and through what process are they shed?
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What are the three major lineages of the phylum Arthropoda?
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What is Hemolymph?
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Most of the Clade Chelicerata are extinct.
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Arachnids have what kind of respiratory system?
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What is silk?
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What are mandibles?
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What are the young of Complete Metamorphosis called and what do they look like?
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What are the young of incomplete metamorphosis called and what do they look like?
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Sea Stars have a unique vascular system that attaches to tube feet for what two purposes?
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What is the life cycle of a Blood Fluke?
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What are the two body types of Cnidarians?
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What distinguishes the Clade Eumetzoa?
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What is a Spongocoel and what is an Osculum?
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Sponges are suspension feeders. What does this mean?
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Which Phyla are classified as Deuterostomia?
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Which Phyla are classified as Ecdysozoans?
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Which Phyla are classified as Lophotrochozoans?
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What classifies an invertebrate?
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What percent of molluscs are Gastropods?
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Which Phylum has the largest number of recent extinctions and what caused it?
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Lophotrochozoans have what symmetry and what type of development?
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What are the two major clades of the phylum Cnidaria? What are their differences?
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What are Cnidocytes and what kind of animal has them?
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What kind of tissues do the clade Eumetzoa have?
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Phylum Porifera (sponges) are what kind of feeders?
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What are the derived characteristics of Chordates?
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Which two Chordates have only one cluster of Hox genes?
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A skeletal system and complex nervous systems have allowed vertebrates efficiency at what two tasks?
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What period are the fossils that show a transition into Craniates (animals with skulls)?
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What is a Haikouella and what made it special?
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Vertebrates that didn't have jaws had what to protect them?
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Mineralization of skeletons most likely started with which part of a vertebrate?
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What is a Gnathostome?
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The earliest gnathostomes were part of what extinct lineage, and when did they appear?
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What group of jawed vertebrates appeared in the Silurian and Devonian periods?
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What are the three lineages of jawed vertebrates still around today?
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What is the largest and most diverse group of Chondrichthyes?
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What is the ridge in a shark's digestive tract called and what is its purpose?
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What is a Cloaca?
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What clade do the vast majority of vertebrates belong to?
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What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology?
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What is the greatest factor of an animal's shape?
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Study Notes
Cnidocytes and Cnidaria
- Cnidocytes are specialized stinging cells in Cnidarians, crucial for defense and prey capture.
- Cnidaria exhibit two body forms: Polyp (sessile) and Medusa (free-moving).
- Characteristics of Cnidaria: gastrovascular cavity, presence of Cnidocytes, and can be sessile or mobile.
- Four classes of Cnidaria include:
- Anthozoa: only polyps with a hard exoskeleton.
- Hydrozoa: reproduce by budding.
- Scyphozoa: have a round medusa, exhibit radial symmetry.
- Cubozoa: box-shaped with hollow tentacles.
Sponges and Feeding
- Sponges feed by moving water through their porous body and into the oscillator where food is digested in mucus.
- Sponges are suspension feeders, capturing particles suspended in the water as it flows through their bodies.
Annelids and Nematodes
- Annelids are coelomates with bodies of fused rings; classes include:
- Polychaete: mobile marine animals with feet on each segment.
- Oligochaeta: less mobile, living in burrows.
- Hirudinea: leeches that are bloodsuckers, secreting a chemical to prevent coagulation.
- Nematodes have a complete alimentary canal but lack a circulatory system.
Arthropods and Their Success
- Key features contributing to arthropod success include a segmented body, ability to fly, and legs attached to each segment.
- Three major arthropod lineages:
- Chelicerates: have claw-like appendages (chelicerae) and book lungs, including arachnids.
- Myriapods: terrestrial with jaw-like mandibles.
- Pancrustaceans: includes insects and crustaceans.
Echinoderms and Chordates
- Echinoderms and chordates share developmental similarities, both falling under the Deuterostomia clade.
- Echinoderms possess radial symmetry and a water vascular system, while chordates have bilateral symmetry and segmented bodies.
Phylums and Their Characteristics
- Invertebrates lack backbones; notable groups include:
- Deuterostomia: Echinoderma and Chordata.
- Ecdysozoans: Nematoda and Arthropoda.
- Lophotrochozoans: Rotifera, Mollusca, and Annelida.
- Gastropods constitute 75% of mollusks.
- Phylum Mollusca has faced significant recent extinctions due to habitat loss, pollution, and invasive species.
Chordates and Their Evolution
- Derived characteristics of chordates:
- Hollow dorsal nerve cord, notochord, muscular post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits, anus, mouth, and muscle segments.
- Early vertebrates developed defensive bony plates and lack of jaws identified as a key evolutionary trait.
Gnathostomes and Vertebrate Diversity
- Gnathostomes are jawed vertebrates, with the earliest appearing around 440 million years ago.
- Current jawed vertebrate lineages: Chondrichthyans (sharks/rays), ray-finned fish, and lobe-finned fish.
Specialized Structures in Vertebrates
- Sharks have a spiral valve in their digestive tract to increase surface area.
- Cloaca serves as a cavity for expelling reproductive fluids and waste in some vertebrates.
Comparative Anatomy and Physiology
- Distinction between anatomy and physiology: anatomy refers to structure (form), whereas physiology refers to function.
- An animal's shape is greatly influenced by its environment.
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Prepare for your Biology Test 3 with these comprehensive flashcards. Each card presents key terms and definitions related to Cnidarians and sponges, essential for understanding their unique biological traits and functions. Test your knowledge and enhance your study sessions efficiently.