Biology Syllabus Maharashtra State Overview
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What is the main focus of the biology syllabus developed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production?

  • Focus on historical aspects of biology
  • Understanding and appreciation of living beings (correct)
  • Development of laboratory skills only
  • Memorization of biological terms

How does the new biology syllabus support the concept of self-learning?

  • By providing extensive lectures from experts
  • By discouraging independent activities
  • By focusing solely on theoretical knowledge
  • Through the principle of constructivism (correct)

Which feature of the textbook contributes to clarity in understanding biological concepts?

  • Use of color illustrations (correct)
  • Inclusion of more complex terminology
  • Lengthy textual explanations
  • Supplementary reading materials

What kind of activities are introduced for the first time in the syllabus?

<p>Independent activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do QR codes in the textbook facilitate?

<p>Access to additional information and practice questions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the revised syllabus aim to address real-life applications?

<p>Through its emphasis on inheritance, conservation, and technology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which maxim of teaching is adhered to in the biology syllabus?

<p>Moving from concrete to abstract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who benefits from the efforts taken to prepare the textbook?

<p>Students, teachers, parents, and aspiring candidates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines geitonogamy in flowering plants?

<p>Pollen transfer within a single flower or between two flowers on the same plant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pollination is characterized by pollen being transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower of a different plant within the same species?

<p>Xenogamy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of autogamy?

<p>It always leads to genetic variations in the offspring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of homogamy in pollination?

<p>It involves simultaneous maturation of anther and stigma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pollination type does NOT involve any external pollinating agents?

<p>Cleistogamy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are abiotic agents responsible for in pollination?

<p>They encompass non-living factors like wind and water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adaptations is typically associated with flowers that utilize autogamy?

<p>Cleistogamous structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ecological significance of self-pollination compared to cross-pollination?

<p>It usually results in lower diversity among offsprings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the stage at which pollen grains are shed from the anther in most angiosperms?

<p>Two-celled stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ovule contains the haploid megaspores after the process of megasporogenesis?

<p>Nucellus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many nuclei are present in the mature embryo sac just before fertilization?

<p>Seven nuclei (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process by which the megaspore mother cell (MMC) produces haploid megaspores?

<p>Meiosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the two haploid polar nuclei in the embryo sac before fertilization?

<p>They fuse to form a diploid nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the lower tier of four cells of the octant develop into?

<p>Hypocotyl and radicle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell structure do the antipodal cells represent within the mature embryo sac?

<p>A group of three cells at the chalazal end (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the megaspores formed from the megaspore mother cell?

<p>They develop into female gametes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many mitotic divisions does the embryonal initial undergo to form the octant?

<p>Three (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the suspensor is correct?

<p>It is filamentous and consists of 6-10 cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages follows after the formation of four haploid megaspores?

<p>Development of the embryo sac (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell is referred to as the terminal or embryonal initial cell?

<p>The small cell towards the chalaza (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure do the upper tier cells of the octant give rise to?

<p>Plumule and one or two cotyledons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the suspensor in embryonic development?

<p>It supports the developing embryo. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction are the planes of division in the embryonal initial set?

<p>At right angles to each other (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parts of the embryo are involved in the formation of the cotyledons?

<p>The upper tier of the octant cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of cleistogamous flowers?

<p>They self-pollinate before opening. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adaptations is NOT typical of anemophilous flowers?

<p>Flowers are large and colorful. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do anemophilous plants produce light and dry pollen grains?

<p>To increase chances of being carried by wind. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the feathery stigma serve in anemophilous flowers?

<p>To capture pollen carried by the wind. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is characteristic of the pollen grains of wind-pollinated plants?

<p>They are long and ribbon-like, without exine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific gravity of pollen grains in aquatic plants like Vallisneria?

<p>Equal to water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers is true?

<p>Both types can be found on the same plant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant is an example of epihydrophily?

<p>Vallisneria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates seed development in plants?

<p>Fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transformed into the seed coat of a mature seed?

<p>Integuments of fertilized ovule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cotyledons play in non-endospermic seeds?

<p>Photosynthesis (C), Food storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the micropyle's function in a seed?

<p>To allow water and oxygen entry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates fruit development after fertilization?

<p>Hormones produced by developing seeds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes apomixis?

<p>Formation of embryo(s) without fertilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the fruit is known as the pericarp?

<p>Three layered structure of the ovary wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between true fruit and false fruit?

<p>True fruit forms from ovary while false fruit does not (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biology

The study of living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution.

Constructivism

A method of learning that emphasizes the learner's active role in constructing knowledge through experience and reflection.

Syllabus

A system of rules and guidelines that specify the content and structure of a course of study.

Evolution

The process by which organisms change over time through genetic variation and natural selection.

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Adaptations

Specialized features that help organisms survive and thrive in their environments.

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Phylogenetic Tree

A diagram that shows the relationships between different groups of organisms.

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Inheritance

The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

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Conservation

The process of protecting and preserving biodiversity and natural resources.

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Geitonogamy

The transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of a different flower on the same plant.

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Autogamy

Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower (self-pollination).

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Homogamy

When the anther and stigma of a flower mature at the same time, increasing the chance of self-pollination.

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Xenogamy

Transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of a different flower on a different plant of the same species.

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Cleistogamy

A condition that favors self-pollination, where the flower stays closed during pollination.

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Abiotic Pollination

Pollination that relies on non-living agents like wind or water.

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Biotic Pollination

Pollination that relies on living agents like insects, birds, or bats.

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Pollination

The process of transferring pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower.

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Generative Cell Mitosis

The process of a generative cell, found in pollen, dividing mitotically. This happens either within the pollen grain itself or inside the pollen tube, leading to the formation of two sperm nuclei.

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Two-celled Stage of Pollen

The two-celled stage of a pollen grain where the generative cell has divided but the tube cell remains. This is the stage at which most angiosperm pollen grains are released from the anther.

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Megasporogenesis

The process of formation of haploid megaspores (female gametes) from a diploid megaspore mother cell (MMC) through meiosis.

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Megaspore Mother Cell (MMC)

A single, large cell within the ovule that undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspores, only one of which typically survives.

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Megaspore

The surviving haploid megaspore that undergoes mitosis to form the female gametophyte.

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Female Gametophyte

The mature female gametophyte, also known as the embryo sac, containing the egg cell.

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Antipodal Cells

The three cells located at the chalazal end of the embryo sac, opposite the micropyle. Their function is not completely understood, but they may provide nutrients or play a role in development.

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Secondary Nucleus

The two polar nuclei of the large central cell in the embryo sac that fuse to form a diploid secondary nucleus or definitive nucleus. This nucleus will eventually fuse with one of the sperm nuclei during fertilization.

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Cleistogamous Flowers

Flowers that remain closed during pollination, ensuring self-fertilization.

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Anemophily

Pollination that relies on wind as the primary agent for pollen transfer.

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Adaptations in Anemophilous Flowers

Key adaptations in wind-pollinated flowers include small, inconspicuous flowers, lack of fragrance, and pollen production in large quantities.

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Epihydrophily

Pollination in aquatic plants where pollen grains float on the water surface to reach the stigma.

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Chasmogamous and Cleistogamous Flowers

A type of flower that undergoes both self-pollination (cleistogamy) and cross-pollination (chasmogamy).

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Seed Development

The process of forming seeds through fertilization, usually involving pollination.

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Seed Coat

The protective outer layer of a seed, formed from the integuments of the ovule.

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Endospermic Seed

A seed that contains endosperm, a tissue providing nutrients to the developing embryo.

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Non-Endospermic Seed

A seed lacking endosperm, where the embryo absorbs all nutrients during development.

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Radicle

The first root of a plant, emerging from the radicle of a seed during germination.

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Fruit Development

The process of fruit development initiated by hormones produced by developing seeds.

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Pericarp

The outermost layer of a fruit, often fleshy and colorful, formed from the ovary wall.

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Apomixis

A method of reproduction in plants where embryos develop without fertilization, involving no gametes or meiosis.

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Suspensor Initial

The initial cell in a plant embryo that develops into the suspensor, a structure that helps to anchor the embryo to the nutrient supply.

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Embryonal Initial

The initial cell that develops into the embryo proper, eventually creating all the plant's tissues.

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Suspensor

The part of the embryo that connects to the suspensor and helps transport nutrients to the developing embryo.

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Oospore

The first cell formed after fertilization, where the development of the plant embryo begins.

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Coleoptile

The part of a monocot embryo that forms the first true leaf, protecting the developing shoot tip as it emerges from the soil.

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Coleorrhiza

The part of the monocot embryo that functions as a protective sheath for the emerging radicle, the first root.

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Scutellum

The part of the monocot embryo that develops into the cotyledon, often called the 'seed leaf'.

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Cotyledon

One of the two seed leaves that develop in dicot embryos, absorbing food reserves from the endosperm.

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Study Notes

Biology Standard XII

  • Textbook is prescribed for academic year 2020-21
  • Q.R. Code on textbook allows access to audio-visual study material for each lesson.
  • DIKSHA App can be downloaded on smartphones to access study materials
  • Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4 dated 25.4.2016 approved the textbook.
  • This textbook was implemented in 2020-2021.
  • Committee, Study Group, Illustration and Cover, Typesetting, Co-ordination, Special Officer, Paper, Print Order, Printer, Production, Chief Production Officer, Production Officer, Publisher(details are of the textbook contributors)

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Explore the key features of the biology syllabus developed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production. This quiz covers topics like self-learning support, clarity in concepts, innovative activities, and real-life applications included in the syllabus. Test your knowledge on various types of pollination and key biological terms relevant to the curriculum.

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